[The movement of rural labor and the establishment of small towns as suggested by factors of production].]

The movement of the labor force from rural areas into urban areas, specifically into small cities and towns, is examined using data from a survey of the Yiyang area of China. It is noted that a surplus in the agricultural labor force has resulted from changes in agricultural productivity. Consequently, the authors point out, farmers are either transferring from rural areas into industrial and service sectors in small cities and towns or are remaining in the rural areas to be employed by collective enterprises. Advantages and disadvantages of these trends are discussed.     

[Age-specific mortality and life expectancy].]

The author attempts to assess the degree of influence of infant mortality on average life expectancy and to develop a method to directly revise average life expectancy given a change in mortality.     

Contraceptive use in China

A national sampling survey carried out in China in 1988 showed that 90.71% of the population were using some form of contraception: male sterilization (10.99%); female sterilization (38.24%); and IUDs (41.48%). Compared with 1982, the figures gathered in 1988 showed an increase in male sterilization and female sterilization and a decrease in condoms, oral or injected contraceptives, IUDs and spermicides. A great difference was found between the contraceptive methods used by women in rural areas as compared to women in urban areas. In urban areas IUDs accounted for 58%, female sterilization for 15%, male sterilization for 1% and condoms for 13%. In the country, female sterilization accounted for 42%, IUDs for 39%, male sterilization 15%, condoms 1% and oral contraceptives for 4%. There was also a strong difference between women of certain ages; the use of IUDs was highest among women between the ages of 15-29 years, while female sterilization was more prevalent for women over the age of 30. There was also a considerable difference between the birth control taken by women with children and those without; the majority of women (31%) without children used condoms; the majority of children (78%) with 1 child used IUDs; the majority of women (65%) with 2 children were sterilized. The sample study shows that 91% of the women using contraception used long-acting contraception.     

Transition of the population reproduction pattern in China]

In the past 30 years, great changes have taken place in the reproduction pattern of the population in China. A historical pattern of a high birth rate and high death rate no longer exists. A new low birth rate and low death rate pattern has now become a reality. It is especially notable that China has realized this transition under the condition of a backward economy. Since 1949, the death rate has dropped rapidly because of advancements in medical care, a rise in the standard of living, and an improvement in public health. The change in fertility, however, is determined by the developing level of social productivity. As mankind has moved forward, population reproduction has gradually become a self-conscious activity. Fertility is increasingly determined by views on marriage and concepts of birth. China has successfully achieved a transition in fertility, and this has to be credited to China's progressive relations in social production and an excellent social system. In addition, practical efforts made by the political leadership, cooperation from the people, and popularization of ideological education on family planning have all contributed to a transition in China's fertility rate.     

Measures and effectiveness in controlling omission of reports on infant deaths in Shanghai metropolitan areas]

The infant mortality rate is a sensitive indicator of a country's or area's economic, cultural, and health care conditions, and in particular, it reflects the quality of health care for women and young children. Since liberation, great progress has been achieved in Shanghai's health and medical care in general as well as in health care for women and young children, and the infant mortality rate has dropped notably. However, the omission of reports on infant deaths is still a very serious problem. In order to control such omissions in reporting, the Shanghai municipal government and Department for Public Health have improved the methods of reporting deaths. Health care units are required to fill out a report on births and deaths, and census registers in the city government are responsible for registering all new births and deaths and preparing complete statistics on new births and deaths. At the end of each year, special investigators are sent to various hospitals to check on omissions of reports on infant deaths and they also help households to report infant deaths to census registers. The new measures have proved to be very effective. According to a new report released in 1980, the omission of reports on infant deaths has been reduced by 94.01% as compared with the 1972 statistics.     

One-child families also have possibilities for getting rich]

The common people believe that families with more children have a larger labor force and more income, and that families with 1 child have a smaller labor force and thus less income. Recent findings from Zhangqiu County of Shandong Province show that families with only 1 child have 67.8% more income than families with 2 children. The reason is that families with 1 child have fewer dependents and the financial burden for them is less. When the husband goes to work, the wife, who is taking care of only one child, will have more time and energy for part-time work to be done at home to increase income. In addition, if a family has fewer children, expenditures are also lower, and this is a beneficial condition for becoming wealthy. Furthermore, the nation offers a great many financial privileges and special treatment to families with 1 child, such as tuition exemptions, medical and health care allowances, more grain quotas, and better marketing arrangements for products from households with 1 child. All these have improved the livelihood of families with 1 child. An adequate ideological education to families with 1 child is needed in order to increase their motivation and productivity. Good nurseries and kindergartens are also needed so that parents may concentrate on their daily work and improve productivity. Birth control measures for childbearing women should be improved and efforts should be made to emphasize the importance of birth control to the nation.     

On the situation and tasks of current birth planning work]

This is the text of the closing speech delivered by the author at the 2nd Chinese National Symposium on Population Theories held on December 13, 1979. The meeting had been successful for several reasons, including the concern, support, and leadership of the State Council, provincial, and revolutionary committees. Under the leadership of the State Council, targets of natural population growth rates were established for 1980 and 1981. Financial rewards for couples producing only 1 child had been planned. Contraception, adequate child care, and eugenics were stressed. Attendants were urged to learn from Sichuan's successful experience. During 1979, a policy was established that advocates 1 child/couple and penalizes couples producing 3 children. Agreements were signed with the UN whereby China would receive US $50 million during 1980-1983 for equipment upgrading, education, and other related purposes. The goal for a 1% growth rate could not be achieved in 1979; the actual rate was probably about 1.2%. The major reasons for this failure could be attributed to traditional feudal concepts still prevalent among many Chinese as well as to organizational problems among birth planning units and technical problems in birth control. With goals of population growth set for 1980, and 1985 and zero growth at 2000, China would encounter tremendous difficulties in its efforts to achieve them. However, under the determination and leadership of the central government coupled with valuable experience over the past 30 years, these goals would be attainable.     

线上线下混合式教学模式改革与实践 ——以"电路理论"课程为例

在"互联网+"大时代背景下,授课对象、教学模式和考核方式均发生了变化,线上线下混合式教学模式应运而生.从线上线下混合式教学的教学设计、考核方式、课程评价及改革成效四个方面进行阐述,提出具体教学组织过程的五步教学法和综合多个环节的课程考核方式.实践表明,"电路理论"课程采用线上线下混合式教学模式,不仅拓宽学生的学习空间,而且激发学生主动学习、深入探索的积极性.调查结果表明,线上线下混合式教学模式更受学生欢迎,可促使学生的考试成绩提高.这充分说明线上线下混合式教学模式可以实现教学效果的提高和人才培养质量的提升.     

我国农村合作组织融资模式研究——基于农业产业化联合体视角

农业生产资金不足一直制约着我国农业产业化、规模化发展.传统以农村合作组织为核心的资金互助模式无法从根本上解决农户生产资金不足问题.文章分析当前农村合作组织"内部"资金互助和"内部+外部"信用合作两种典型融资模式存在的不足,从农业产业化联合体视角提出以联合体内各经营主体之间商业信用为核心、以农产品订单未来收益权质押和应收账款质押为媒介的新型农业供应链融资模式,并对发展农业供应链金融提出政策建议.     

当代我国民营企业的主要问题及其变革模式

改革开放以来我国民营经济得到迅猛发展,在民营企业数量迅速增长的背后,影响和制约我国民营企业发展的外部问题很多,民营企业自身存在的内部问题也日益凸显.针对这些问题进行深层分析,在此基础上提出当代我国民营企业的可行变革模式.当前我国民营企业存在的根本问题是产权不明晰及其结构不合理.基于此,提出解决我国民营企业问题的"双轨制逐渐推进式"变革模式,主要内容是革新思想观念,优化产权结构,完善治理结构,建立健全基本制度.