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51.
A. F. Bissell 《Journal of applied statistics》1992,19(2):193-210
The fitting of a straight line that must pass through (0, 0) is a frequently encountered application of linear regression. Many computer packages provide a least-squares option sometimes identified as NO INT, or even NOINT, or as ‘suppressing the intercept’. Often these procedures are invalid or do not correspond to the most suitable model. This paper questions the least-squares-line approach and suggests some alternatives. Two measures are proposed for comparing the fit of alternative models. 相似文献
52.
We present and justify a propagation algorithm to facilitate the simultaneous calculation, for every node in a probabilistic exper system of the distribution of the associated random quantity, conditional on all the evidence obtained about the remaining nodes. 相似文献
53.
A. R. Tricker 《Journal of applied statistics》1992,19(4):465-471
This paper is concerned with how standard estimation procedures perform in terms of eficiency for non-normal rounded data. Previous research has shown that the loss in eficiency due to rounding normal data is small. However, evidence from the non-normal distribution considered in this paper suggests, if rounding is coarse or the distribution is very skewed the loss in efficiency due to rounding can be considerable. 相似文献
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57.
D R Lairson R Harrist D W Martin R Ramby T A Rustin J M Swint K Harlow J Cobb 《Journal of drug education》1992,22(4):337-352
Primary care physicians are well situated to identify patients with substance abuse problems and motivate them to seek appropriate assistance, but active programs are the exception. A study in a community setting was undertaken to assess the CAGE (the first letters of key words in a series of four questions about drinking: cut down; annoyed; guilty; and eye-opener), instrument in the routine screening for alcohol problems in both new and established patients. The screening process identified subjects for a pilot evaluation of a motivational interview designed to encourage problem-solving behavior. This article focuses on the screening results and the use of the CAGE instrument. During June and July of 1990, 687 patients of two primary care physicians belonging to a large group practice were asked to complete a health questionnaire that included the CAGE. Those who responded affirmatively to at least two of the four CAGE questions were requested to participate in follow-up assessment of problems associated with alcohol and health. The type and severity of alcohol problems experienced by patients who scored positive on the CAGE are described. Prevalence of a positive score on the CAGE was 8.6 percent with males, smokers, and blue collar and unemployed persons being more likely to score positive. The positive predictive value was .68. Primarily, persons with moderate alcohol problems were identified. Results show that the CAGE instrument is a useful screening device for identifying those with mild to moderate substance abuse problems, increasing the opportunity for intervention prior to serious medical complications. The instrument is easily administered, and has demonstrated relatively high levels of sensitivity and specificity. When combined with assessment and motivational interviews, the CAGE shows promise in the secondary prevention of substance abuse and related health problems. 相似文献
58.
That sociology subscribes to certain popular myths and has aligned itself with the welfare of some groups over others complicates
research into social control. This is especially so when the research deals with stereotypes and their effects on differential
legal treatment. That the discipline has historically taken sides regarding certain commonly held stereotypes and been supportive
of certain groups, means that findings that challenge those stereotypes or that are viewed as detrimental to the supported
groups are brought into question. Our research on a regulatory mechanism of social control—the Black Book, a list of persons
excluded from licensed gaming in Nevada because of their perceived threat to the industry—is illustrative of these complications.
Our findings that the Black Book is largely symbolic and is applied discriminatorily challenge not only beliefs in its efficacy
but certain myths and allegiances within sociology. That a group sociologically identified with the problem was discriminated
against, and that a well-protected group elicited preferential treatment at the hands of regulators who identify with them
have been particularly problematic for the acceptance of the findings. We argue here that debunking myth and value neutrality
are essential to scientific endeavor and should override such disciplinary tendencies toward the tolerance and protection
of some groups over others.
Her research has dealt with aspects of culture, organized crime, and social elites. She is currently working on a book on
high society and thoroughbred racing.
His publications have dealt with issues of labeling and secondary deviation, the role of stereotypes in the legal process,
and the legal reaction to corporate crime. 相似文献
59.
Efficient contracts set incentives through the assignment of rights and profit shares., Although efficient contracts have been used to explain the nature of the firm, the use of contractual rights in specific business contracts is relatively unexplored. We analyze contractual rights in franchise systems, in particular the right to add franchisees. An exclusive territory assigned to an initial franchisee is not an immutable guarantee, but rather a starting point for subsequent renegotiation in the franchise relationship. Exclusivity is therefore profitable when franchisee efforts are critical to the venture. A sample of franchise contracts reveals evidence consistent with the model's prediction. 相似文献
60.
Abstract Consumer concerns over pesticide residues and food additives have been growing in industrialized societies, including the United States and Japan. However, little comparative research has been carried out to determine which household characteristics may be significantly associated with these heightened concerns, and whether or not the same factors are useful for understanding variation in these worries in more than one society. This paper examines food safety attitudes in Seattle, Washington, and Kobe, Japan, and discovers that while the absolute level of expressed concern is higher in Kobe, the predictive power of household characteristics in explaining attitudinal differences within countries is similar. Implications for rural areas and future research on family structures in capitalist societies are discussed. 相似文献