Longitudinal test of a multiple domain model of adolescent condom use

A comprehensive multiple domain model (MDM) to understand condom use in adolescents was proposed and tested using structural equation modeling of data at three time points. The proposed model integrates social psychological theory, demographic and personality factors, social environment, and situational/contextual variables. Adolescents who were sexually active at time 2 (6 months after baseline) and time 3 (1 year after time 2) and completed surveys at all three time points were included in the analyses (N = 511). An iterative process of model testing resulted in a structural equation model that provided a good fit to the data (CFI = .92, RMSEA = .04). Models comparing gender and race as moderators also were calculated and supported the generalizability of the model. Results provide support for an MDM that goes beyond traditional social psychological models for a broader understanding of condom use in adolescents. Implications for further theory testing and safer sexual interventions are discussed.     

A Test of an Adapted Multiple Domain Model in Predicting Sexual Behaviors Among Unmarried Young Adults in India

Theory-based, scientific research examining sexual behaviors of young adults is sparse in India, even though pre-marital sex among unmarried young people has been rising in recent years. At the same time, young people aged 15 to 24 are disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS. This has been attributed in part to rising pre-marital sexual behaviors, coupled with a lack of sex education. The objective of this study was to advance an understanding of the determinants of sexual behavior among unmarried young adults in northern India. An adaptation of a comprehensive model of health behavior, the Multiple Domain Model, was employed to study the effects of environmental/cultural influences (parental and media), structural determinants (sex, socioeconomic status, age, caste, and place of residence), personality factors (sensation-seeking and impulsive decision making), gender role identity, psychosocial variables (attitudes, norms, and self-efficacy), contextual influences (relationship status and alcohol/drug use) and preparatory behaviors (frequency of being in sexual situations) on adolescents' sexual behaviors. Results of path analysis indicated that key predictors of ever having had vaginal sex included preparatory behaviors, masculine gender role identity, attitudes toward having sex and peer norms regarding sex. Implications of these findings for future research and intervention are discussed.     

Untangling Fear of Crime: A Multi-theoretical Approach to Examining the Causes of Crime-Specific Fear

Fear of crime has been a major research topic over the past several decades. However, multiple explanations have been proposed and no comprehensive theoretical model exists. In this study, we assess the predictive power of three theoretical models—vulnerability, disorder, and social integration—on offense type-specific, emotionally-based fear of violent and property crime. Results suggest that the predictors of fear of property and violent crime vary, and some theoretical models are a better explanation of one type of fear than the other. Overall, the models are a better fit with fear of violent crime than fear of property crime. The vulnerability model is more strongly related to fear of property crime, while the social integration model is more strongly related to fear of violent crime. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.     

The Relation between Accounting Conservatism and Corporate Social Performance: An Empirical Investigation

Accounting conservatism and corporate social responsibility have received much attention in the recent literature. The current study draws upon Watts, who recognizes that one role of conservatism is to reduce the likelihood of excess wealth transfers to its stakeholder groups and Post et al., who assert that a key aspect of positive corporate social performance is the (equitable) distribution of corporate wealth. Accordingly, this study empirically investigates and finds a positive relation between conservatism and strong social performance.     

Measuring Anti‐Americanism in Editorial Cartoons*

Objective. Anti‐Americanism has been subjected to minimal statistical analysis. Further, scant attention is paid to what constitutes anti‐Americanism for Americans. The objective of this article is to measure Americans' perceptions of anti‐Americanism. Methods. Using a range of quantitative methods, including Pearson's correlation coefficient, Shannon's entropy measure, and Cohen's d statistics, we measure students' evaluations of editorial cartoons after 9/11. Twin measures of message and equity, along with participant and cartoon variables, are used to calibrate anti‐Americanism in Spanish and U.S. editorial cartoons. Results. Our results indicate that message ratings, that is, anti‐ or pro‐American, were more dependent on the nature of the cartoons than of the participants. White males rated these editorial cartoons as more equitable than other participants. The study shows that Spanish cartoons were rated significantly more anti‐American. Conclusion. The article concludes that the use of U.S. icons is key to seeing anti‐Americanism, along with gender, race, and origin of cartoon.     

The relationship between Type A Behaviour Pattern (TABP) and in-basket performance: recognition as moderator

The relationship between Type A Behaviour Pattern (TABP) and performance on an in-basket task was examined. Some of the subjects (n=40) were told that they would be recognized for superior performance, while others (n=22) were not given this information. Results indicated no relationship between a global TABP measure and all the measures of in-basket performance. Achievement Strivings (AS), a component of TABP, was positively related to overall effort, overall quality of performance, and interpersonal sensitivity. None of these relations was moderated by recognition. However, it was found that the relation between AS and use of delegation was moderated by recognition. AS was strongly and negatively related to delegation only among those who were told they would be recognized for superior performance. Impatience-Irritability (I-I), another component of TABP, was unrelated to measures of in-basket performance, although the relation between I-I and interpersonal sensitivity was moderated by recognition. I-I was strongly and negatively related to interpersonal sensitivity only among those not told that they would be recognized for superior performance. Implications of these findings are discussed and future research on TABP is suggested.     

Health, helping networks and well-being

This article examines the mediating effect of illness specific helping networks on the relationship between health and subjective well-being. The three illness specific contexts studied are available helpers: to call on in health emergencies; to assist with common ailments; and to assist with functional disabilities. Data collected from samples of users of two different services (day hospitals and senior centres) are analyzed. The analyses did not reveal who helps to mediate the relationship between health and well-being. However, who helps in health emergencies and common ailments was found to have a direct effect on well-being. In the former situation, the child represents security; in the latter the spouse provides consultation and assistance. None of the helping variables were significantly related to well-being among elders with functional disabilities, perhaps indicating the over-riding importance of functioning to well-being. Future studies could benefit from the inclusion of measures sensitive to the salience of the types of illness situations for the individuals involved. Nevertheless, these data point to the importance of studying helping networks across the different illness situations. Who helps is related to happiness but differentially depending on the type of illness examined.     

Antiracist Educators Sui Generis? The Dialectics of Aboriginal Teacher Education*

Depuis trente ans, certains programmes pédagogiques enseignent comment on doit procéder pour mettre en place au sein de lécole les mesures antidiscriminatoires qui s'imposent à notre époque. Les enseignants stagiaires issus de ces programmes sont-ils moins les «laquais du pouvoir établi» pour autant? Sont-ils plus aptes à enseigner que les Blancs qu'ils ont remplacés? Persistent-ils à inculquer aux élèves autochtones et à ceux issus des populations défavorisées les mêmes idéologies et les mêmes modes de pensée qui sont traditionnellement véhiculés par lÉtaty? Peut-on espérer une nouvelle génération d'enseignants autochtones tirant profit d'une nouvelle pédagogie destinée aux enfants des Premières Nations? Le présent article propose que la réponse à ces questions se trouve dans la dialectique qui oppose l'expérience des enseignants stagiaires aux méthodes d'apprentissage que transmettent certains programmes pédagogiques. La réponse est également tributaire d'un actuel contexte manifestement incompatible où la volonté de former une classe intellectuelle autochtone se heurte à la prédominance de la pensée néolibérale. Teacher education programmes (TEPs) designed specifically for the affirmative-action training of aboriginal preservice teachers have existed for thirty years. Are the TEPs producing only new “clerks of the empire,” that is, teachers of aboriginal ancestry who will fill the former roles of white teachers and perform the same state- and ideologically determined tasks that schools have always served in relation to First Nations people and other subordinate populations? Or does the production of aboriginal teachers promise new forms of schooling for First Nations children? This article argues that the answer lies, in part, in understanding the dialectical relation between the life histories of many aboriginal preservice teachers on the one hand, and the conditions for learning presented by at least some teacher education programmes on the other. Further, the answer to this question must be understood within the context of a current contradiction: between the formation of a critical and formally educated aboriginal intelligentsia on the one hand, and the era of neo-liberalism on the other.     

Feminist Knowledge Claims,Local Knowledge,and Gender Divisions of Agricultural Labor: Constructing a Successor Science1

Abstract Issues raised by the feminist epistemic critique of social science are used to examine what is meant by local knowledge and its contribution to analyses of agricultural sustainability. Employing the concepts of partial perspective, lived experience, and the complexity of social context, this paper focuses attention on the juxtaposition of local and scientific knowledge and challenges those interpretations of local knowledge production that ignore the various people, relations, and interests constituting the rural economy. An examination of local as a contested, complex, and heterogeneous domain refines the work of Kloppenburg (1991) and his commitment to the significance of local knowledge in constructing opportunities for sustainable agriculture. Attention to the on-farm gender division of labor helps to identify gender differences as critical in constituting the family farm and to elaborate how the different experiences of women and men may offer alternative visions of what constitutes sustainable agricultural production.