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751.
This paper reviews the main bodies of contemporary urban sustainability theory. From this analysis, two underpinning paradigms
of urban sustainability are identified: (1) The ‘Human Exemptionalism Paradigm’ (HEP), which emphasizes the ability of humans
to overcome environmental problems—see Urban Sociology, Urban Ecology, Urban Geography, Urban Psychology and Political Economy;
and (2) The ‘New Ecological Paradigm’ (NEP), which emphasizes the criticality of ecological limits to human progress—see Urban
Metabolism, Energy/Emergy Analysis and Ecological Footprinting. Each of these approaches is critically reviewed, highlighting
their main assumptions, theoretical and practical foci. It is argued in the paper that if the related issues of urban sustainability
and development are to be progressed, there needs to be: (1) a greater maturation of the NEP approaches, which are ‘relative
newcomers’ to the area of urban theory; and (2) greater integration and dialogue between the HEP and NEP approaches to urban
sustainability than has hitherto been the case.
相似文献
Murray G. PattersonEmail: |
752.
Using a spatially extensive urban database constructed from the Maryland Biological Stream Survey (MBSS), we describe the
relationships of nutrients in small-order streams to eight defined categories of percent catchment urbanization, correlations
between chloride and conductivity in urban streams, and relationships between nutrients and chloride with two Maryland-specific
indices of biotic integrity for benthic macroinvertebrates and fish assemblages. Stream nutrients become elevated with increasing
percent catchment urbanization, followed by increases in all four measured nitrogen species and total phosphorus at catchment
urbanization levels greater than 10%. There was a strong collinear relationship (r
2 = 0.90) between chloride and conductivity (trimeans) across all eight urbanization classes, where Cl (mg/L) = −0.397 + 0.188*conductivity
(μS/cm). Critical values for all water quality parameters with the two Maryland biological indices were derived using quantile
regression, with significant regressions developed for 11 of 16 water quality parameters and the two biotic indices. For nitrate
(NO3-N), the critical thresholds between fair and poor stream quality for the two Maryland biological indices were 0.83 mg/L (benthic
macroinvertebrate assemblages) and 0.86 mg/L (fish assemblages). Increasing stream nutrient and chloride levels, associated
with widespread catchment urbanization intensity, now affect many small streams in Maryland, with implications for decreasing
water quality in major tributaries and the Chesapeake Bay. 相似文献
753.
The purpose of this study was to determine the degree to which a novel training program based on activities of daily living (ADL) would affect performance of ADLs, as well as the fitness of older adults. Fourteen individuals (mean age 82 years) took part in a 10-week control period followed by a 10-week ADL-based training program. Pre- and posttests included the Physical Performance Test (PPT), the Physical Functional Performance-10 (PFP-10), and the Senior Fitness Test (SFT). After the training period, improvements ranging from 7% to 33% (p<.05) were seen on the PPT and PFP-10 and on three items of the SFT. After conversion to standard scores, the magnitude of change in the PPT and the PFP10 was significantly greater (p<.05) than the magnitude of change in the SFT. These data support the idea that this novel ADL-based training program was able to facilitate improved performance of ADLs, as well as select measures of fitness among older adults. 相似文献
754.
Rupert Hasenzagl 《Gruppendynamik und Organisationsberatung》2007,38(4):351-370
The theoretical basis behind consultancy does not match its importance to the economy. Although theory building research has been advanced since the 1990s, it still remains fragmentary. The impact of these consulting theories on practice has therefore been limited. This paper provides a contribution to this recent field of research. Based on the Social Systems Theory by Luhmann, a model outlining the impact of consultancy is presented. Three empirical cases outline the usefulness of the presented model in practice. 相似文献
755.
The indications for hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in postmenopausal women is the treatment of climacteric symptoms and the prevention of osteoporosis. Women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are more likely to have a premature menopause, osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease. HRT can induce SLE flares and cardiovascular or venous thromboembolic events. Therefore it should not be used in women with active disease or those with antiphospholipid (aPL) antibodies. In general, it should be used only for patients without active disease, a history of thrombosis or aPL antibodies. Non-oral administration of estrogen is recommended because of its lesser effect on coagulation. With regard to the progestogen, progesterone or pregnane derivatives are preferred. Otherwise, non-estrogen-based strategies should be used. 相似文献
756.
Yonatan Reshef 《Journal of Labor Research》2007,28(4):677-696
In the public sector, Canadian governments intervene frequently in labor disputes by suspending collective bargaining and
curtailing legal strikes. Previous research has focused on the contours of government intervention, such as its overall effects
on collective bargaining and strikes. The discussion highlights one actor, a government, restricting the behavior of another
actor, a union, using legislation and policy making. As a result, we know less about more micro-level elements and implications
of the process of government intervention. I address these themes using a detailed case study of the Alberta Teachers’ Association
and the strikes it coordinated in 2002.
相似文献
Yonatan ReshefEmail: |
757.
The Experience-Earnings Profile: Productivity-Augmenting or Purely Contractual? Evidence from the UK
William J. Moore Robert J. Newman Geoffrey K. Turnbull 《Journal of Labor Research》2007,28(3):417-435
We test the human capital interpretation of the experience-earnings profile. Does the upward sloping portion of the experience-earnings
profile reflect on-the-job training which in turn causes the experience-productivity profile to slope upwards, or do purely
contractual factors determine the nature of life-cycle earnings. Herein, we provide additional evidence on the relationship
between productivity and earnings by examining earnings differentials in the UK academic labor market for economists. Using
a test first suggested by Mincer, we find that the empirical results are consistent with human capital theory. We find that,
although the positive relationship between earnings and experience persists when individual productivity measures are included
in the salary equations for lecturers and senior lecturers, the positive relationship becomes statistically insignificant
when the same productivity measures are included in the salary equations for professors. For lecturers and senior lecturers,
the experience-salary profile properly reflects the structure of the national pay scale rather than variations in individual
research productivity. At the professor level, where individual salaries are not determined by a pay scale, the data support
the human capital explanation of the positive experience-earnings profile.
相似文献
Robert J. NewmanEmail: |
758.
Hillary Anger Elfenbein Maw Der Foo Judith White Hwee Hoon Tan Voon Chuan Aik 《Journal of Nonverbal Behavior》2007,31(4):205-223
Using meta-analysis, we find a consistent positive correlation between emotion recognition accuracy (ERA) and goal-oriented
performance. However, this existing research relies primarily on subjective perceptions of performance. The current study
tested the impact of ERA on objective performance in a mixed-motive buyer-seller negotiation exercise. Greater recognition
of posed facial expressions predicted better objective outcomes for participants from Singapore playing the role of seller,
both in terms of creating value and claiming a greater share for themselves. The present study is distinct from past research
on the effects of individual differences on negotiation outcomes in that it uses a performance-based test rather than self-reported
measure. These results add to evidence for the predictive validity of emotion recognition measures on practical outcomes.
相似文献
Hillary Anger ElfenbeinEmail: |
759.
Wayne K. Talley 《Journal of Labor Research》2007,28(3):515-524
I investigate the earnings differentials among union and nonunion seafarers, across seafarer occupations, and with respective
to other transport operatives. The empirical results suggest that the union and nonunion weekly earnings of captains/mates
are comparable, and the union earnings gap for sailors/deckhands is positive. The union (nonunion) weekly earnings of captains/mates
are 14.7 (30.5) percent greater than those of sailors/deckhands; the union weekly earnings of captains/mates (sailors/deckhands)
are 12.6% greater (9.5% less) than those of truck drivers; and the nonunion weekly earnings of captains/mates (sailors/deckhands)
are 33.0% greater (6.2% less) than those of truck drivers. The sailor/deckhand and truck driver earnings differentials are
contrary to the general belief that the earnings of truck drivers are less than those of other operative occupations involved
in transporting intermodal cargo.
相似文献
Wayne K. TalleyEmail: |
760.
Louis A. Penner Heather Orom Terrance L. Albrecht Melissa M. Franks Tanina S. Foster John C. Ruckdeschel 《Journal of Nonverbal Behavior》2007,31(2):99-117
Video recording provides an objective record of the content of medical interactions. However, there is concern that cameras
may be reactive measurement devices that alter what normally transpires during interactions. This study addressed potential
reactivity of cameras in medical interactions. Interactions between 45 patients and 14 medical oncologists were video recorded
and coded for camera-related behaviors. Eleven of 45 patients performed none of the behaviors. Among the other patients, camera-related
behaviors were infrequent and, on average, constituted about 0.1% (one-tenth of one percent) of total interaction time. Behaviors
occurred most often in very early stages of interactions, and when physicians were absent from the room. Seven physicians
showed camera-related behaviors, comprising less than 0.1% of the time they were in the interaction. Results suggest video
recording can provide nonreactive means of studying medical interactions.
相似文献
Louis A. PennerEmail: |