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861.
862.
Brian Opeskin 《Journal of Population Research》2009,26(2):175-199
Most Pacific Island countries are located in the tropics, where there is an abundance of mosquitoes with the potential to
carry debilitating or life-threatening vector-borne diseases. This article examines three Melanesian countries in which malaria
is endemic—Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu—but the threat posed by the spread of malaria gives the issues a
broader significance to the Pacific region. After discussing the spatial distribution and prevalence of malaria in the Pacific,
the article examines a number of health interventions through which people have sought to control malaria. Although the disease
was nearly eradicated in the Pacific in the 1970s, it is no longer in retreat. The article concludes by examining why there
are still grounds for cautious optimism, and the challenges that Pacific Island countries face in reducing the impact of malaria
on their populations. There is a need for prompt and concerted action on malaria at the national, regional and international
levels if the public health concerns arising from the disease are to be adequately addressed. 相似文献
863.
Robert D. Crutchfield Martie L. Skinner Kevin P. Haggerty Anne McGlynn Richard F. Catalano 《Race and social problems》2009,1(4):218-230
Criminologists have long reported the existence of racial disparity in the criminal justice system, but the important question
is why. While some argue that observed differences are a consequence of more criminal behavior among minorities, the weight
of the evidence indicates that this is but a partial explanation. In this paper, we study data from a sample of juveniles
to examine how racial differences in early police contact, and important social environments—family, school, and neighborhoods—affect
later contact and arrests, controlling for self-reported delinquency. We find that early (in middle school) contact with police
is an important predictor of later (high school) arrests. Also we found that, in addition to being male and living in a low-income
family, children who have parents who have a history of arrest, who have experienced school disciplinary actions, who have
delinquent peers, and who are in networks with deviant adults are more likely to have problems with law enforcement. These
factors help to explain racial differences in police contacts and arrests. 相似文献
864.
Mariacristina Piva Massimiliano Tani Marco Vivarelli 《Journal of population economics》2018,31(4):1321-1338
We investigate whether labor mobility can be a distinct source of growth by studying the productivity impact of business visits (BVs), vis-à-vis that of other well-known drivers of productivity enhancement. Our analysis uses an unbalanced panel—covering on average 16 sectors per year in ten countries during the period 1998–2011—which combines unique and novel data on BVs sourced from the US National Business Travel Association with Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) data on R&D and capital formation. We find that mobility through BVs is an effective mechanism to improve productivity, being about half that obtained by investing in R&D. This relevant finding invites viewing short-term mobility as a strategic mechanism and prospective policy tool to overcome productivity slowdowns and foster economic growth. 相似文献
865.
Lingxin Hao Nan M. Astone Andrew J. Cherlin 《Population research and policy review》2007,26(3):235-257
This paper is an assessment of the impact of child support enforcement and welfare policies on nonmarital teenage childbearing
and motherhood. We derive four hypotheses about the effects of policies on nonmarital teenage childbearing and motherhood.
We propose that teenage motherhood and school enrollment are joint decisions for teenage girls. Based on individual trajectories
during ages 12–19, our analysis uses an event history model for nonmarital teenage childbearing and a dynamic model of motherhood
that is jointly determined with school enrollment. We find some evidence that child support policies indirectly reduce teen
motherhood by increasing the probability of school enrollment, which, in turn, reduces the probability of teen motherhood.
This finding suggests that welfare offices may wish to place greater weight on outreach programs that inform more teenagers
of the existence of strong child support enforcement measures. Such programs might reduce nonmarital teen motherhood further
and thus reduce the need for welfare support and child support enforcement in the long run.
相似文献
Lingxin HaoEmail: |
866.
Understanding contemporary urban landscapes requires multiple sets of spatially and temporally compatible data that can integrate historical land use patterns and disturbances to land cover. This paper presents three principal methods: (1) core analysis; (2) historic mapping; and (3) gradient analysis, to link spatial and temporal data for urban ecosystems and applies their use in the Baltimore-Chesapeake region. Paleoecological evidence derived from the geochronology of sediment cores provides data on long-term as well as recent changes in vegetative land cover. This information, combined with contemporary vegetation maps, provides a baseline for conducting trend analyses to evaluate urbanization of the landscape. A 200-year historical land use database created from historical maps, census data, and remotely sensed data provides a spatial framework for investigating human impacts on the region. A geographic information system (GIS) integrates core analyses with historic data on land use change to yield a comprehensive land use and land cover framework and rates of change. These data resources establish the regional foundation for investigating the ecological components of an urban ecosystem. Urban-rural gradient analyses and patch analyses are proposed as the most appropriate methods for studying the urban ecosystem as they link ecological and social patterns and processes for varying degrees of urbanization. 相似文献
867.
M. Alex Wagaman 《Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal》2016,33(5):395-405
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer-identified (LGBTQ) youth are a population with a unique set of service needs. Existing research on effective service methods with LGBTQ youth is limited. Youth empowerment holds potential as an approach that can impact well-being among youth who face discrimination. The current study explores the relationship between the social justice youth development framework (Ginwright and James, New Directions Youth Dev 96:27–46, 2002) and youth empowerment in a sample of LGBTQ youth. Multiple regression analysis of data collected through a community-based youth program identified critical consciousness and community engagement as significant predictors of empowerment. Findings suggest that programs that promote these factors among LGBTQ youth using the social justice youth development framework may enhance empowerment thereby increasing other aspects of well-being. 相似文献
868.
Two within household telephone sampling techniques for collecting citizen survey data for community mental health center's needs assessments were compared on the basis of respondent demographic characteristics; response, completion, and refusal rates; and, administrative costs. Initially, all households were chosen via random digit dialing. Then, one technique allowed the surveyor to interview any adult member of a household who answered the phone. The other technique used was developed by Troldahl and Carter and required the use of a reference table procedure to determine the appropriate respondent. While more expensive, the Troldahl-Carter method produced significantly better representativeness of the population for a rural county. Factors relating to a decision regarding which technique to employ are discussed. 相似文献
869.
A large number of functional forms has been suggested in the literature for estimating Lorenz curves that describe the relationship between income and population shares. The traditional way of overcoming functional-form uncertainty when estimating a Lorenz curve is to choose the function that best fits the data in some sense. In this paper we describe an alternative approach for accommodating functional-form uncertainty, namely, how to use Bayesian model averaging to average the alternative functional forms. In this averaging process, the different Lorenz curves are weighted by their posterior probabilities of being correct. Unlike a strategy of picking the best-fitting function, Bayesian model averaging gives posterior standard deviations that reflect the functional-form uncertainty. Building on our earlier work (Chotikapanich and Griffiths, 2002), we construct likelihood functions using the Dirichlet distribution and estimate a number of Lorenz functions for Australian income units. Prior information is formulated in terms of the Gini coefficient and the income shares of the poorest 10% and poorest 90% of the population. Posterior density functions for these quantities are derived for each Lorenz function and are averaged over all the Lorenz functions. 相似文献
870.
Previous research has examined self-identified sexual orientation in relation to self-reports on the Big Five personality factors. Here we extend this research by including asexuality as a fourth sexual orientation and by assessing the HEXACO personality factors, using self-report data from a large anonymous online sample (N ≈ 100,000). A large overlap was observed among all sexual orientation groups on all six HEXACO dimensions, but notable group differences also emerged. All nonheterosexual groups, particularly bisexual people, averaged higher in openness to experience than did heterosexuals. Heterosexual men averaged much lower in emotionality than heterosexual women, but only a small difference was observed between gay men and lesbians on this dimension. Asexual men and women averaged lower in extraversion and in some facets of emotionality (specifically, dependence and sentimentality) than did the other sexual orientation groups of the same sex. Results are discussed in relation to the different social realities that each sexual orientation group often experiences, along with the (gender-related) developmental influences hypothesized to underlie in part the origins of sexual orientation. 相似文献