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71.
Little is known about the labor market for volunteers, but even less is known about the supply of volunteers to particular industries. This article examines the supply of volunteer labor to one industry, hospitals, and the choices that volunteers make among hospitals with different ownership attributes. Survey data of volunteers at four hospitals located in Madison, Wisconsin, are used to estimate the importance of a number of factors influencing people's willingness to volunteer at hospitals. We found that job opportunities in the labor market and tax rates affect the supply of volunteers. We also found that volunteers are not indifferent to the type of hospital at which they volunteer; a federal government hospital, a nonprofit state-owned teaching hospital, and other nonprofit hospitals were not perfect substitutes in the eyes of individual volunteers in our study. 相似文献
72.
Jason D. P. Bird Joseph A. Morris Kimberly A. Koester Lance M. Pollack Diane Binson William J. Woods 《Journal of sex research》2017,54(6):784-794
Gay and bisexual men are at disproportionate risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. While prevention efforts often emphasize consistent condom use, there is growing evidence that men are using seroadaptive safer-sex strategies, such as serosorting and seropositioning. This qualitative analysis of 204 HIV-negative and HIV-positive gay and bisexual men explored the ways that a sexual partner’s HIV status can influence safer-sex strategies and sexual decisions. The majority of the respondents reported that they were influenced by their partners’ HIV status. Those respondents who reported no influence discussed adhering to safer-sex rules that were not dependent on partner status and a lack of concern about HIV. Conversely, respondents who reported influence identified three primary areas of influence: psychological impacts, partner preference and selection, and specific behavioral intentions and strategies. A conceptual model explicating a potential process by which respondents use partner serostatus information in shaping sexual decisions is presented. 相似文献
73.
The anti-Ramsey number AR(G, H) is defined to be the maximum number of colors in an edge coloring of G which doesn’t contain any rainbow subgraphs isomorphic to H. It is clear that there is an \(AR(K_{m,n},kK_2)\)-edge-coloring of \(K_{m,n}\) that doesn’t contain any rainbow \(kK_2\). In this paper, we show the uniqueness of this kind of \(AR(K_{m,n},kK_2)\)-edge-coloring of \(K_{m,n}\). 相似文献
74.
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76.
Rosanna Cousins Colin J. MacKay Simon D. Clarke Chris Kelly Peter J. Kelly Ron H. McCaig 《Work and stress》2004,18(2):113-136
Research commissioned for the UK's Health & Safety Executive (HSE) supports the view that a preventative, risk-assessment based approach would be more effective than case-based methods in achieving a nationwide reduction in work-related stress. The background to this approach is described and discussed in a companion paper in this issue (Mackay, Cousins, Kelly, Lee, & McCaig, 2004). The present paper describes the development of HSE's new stress Management Standards—which offer organizations continuous improvement through a three-phase stress preventative process—and the development of a supporting 'Indicator Tool' (a two-phase questionnaire to assess employee perceptions of working conditions). The Management Standards comprise a series of 'states to be achieved', which are statements of good practice in six key stressor areas: demands, control, support, relationships, role and organizational change. For each stressor area there is also a 'platform statement' that outlines the main aims to be achieved by the organization. This statement may include a target percentage of employees finding that the organization meets the standard: this matter will be settled after the standards have been assessed in a public consultation campaign. To use the new process, an organization's state can first be assessed using the Indicator Tool; liaising with workers in focus groups enables a further exploration of issues raised; finally, there may be formulation of interventions and subsequent review. It is not intended that the standards will be legally enforceable. HSE's aim is that they and the associated methodology will enable organizations to effectively tackle work-related stress, and subsequently reduce both its incidence and prevalence. 相似文献
77.
Kokish R 《Journal of child sexual abuse》2003,12(3-4):175-194
Polygraph testing is becoming increasingly important in sex offender treatment. Polygraph advocates cite dramatic increases in historical disclosures that presumably allow more precise targeting of treatment interventions, earlier detection of risky behaviors that often lead to new offenses, and improved treatment and supervision compliance. Based on this, they believe the procedure supports desirable behavior that continues to various degrees after treatment and supervision end. Opponents cite ethical problems related to inaccurate results, unproven accuracy rates, and the risk that examinees may be coerced into making false admissions. To counter these criticisms, proponents have developed standards, best practices, and examiner training and certification programs intended to reduce error rates and address ethical issues. Opponents argue that these measures have not been tested and that empirically established error rates and best practices may not be possible for a variety of reasons. This article reviews the current situation, leaving readers to decide the wisdom and ethics of using polygraph testing in their own practices. 相似文献
78.
One of the most significant theoretical contributions to welfare analysis across a range of disciplines has been the development
of the capabilities framework by Sen and others. Motivated by the claim that freedom should play a key role in social evaluation,
the capabilities framework suggests that we consider what it is that people are free to do, as well as what they actually
do. Using data from the British Household Panel Survey in conjunction with a list of substantial values posited by Martha
Nussbaum, we contribute to the operationalisation and testing of this approach. Specifically, we suggest that commonly used
secondary data sources do provide some information about the capabilities people have and that this can be incorporated into
models of (subjective) well-being such as those used by a growing number of labour and health economists. We find evidence
that a wide range of capabilities exhibit statistically significant relations to well-being that the relations are complex
and slightly different for men and women, and conclude with suggestions for future developments. 相似文献
79.
Getty HA Watson J Frisch GR 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2000,16(4):377-391
Depression and maladaptive coping styles are important components of theories of pathological gambling and are frequently foci of treatment with individuals with gambling problems. The present study aimed to improve understanding and treatment of pathological gambling by comparing levels of depression and styles of coping in male and female members of Gamblers Anonymous (GA) to a group of non-pathological gambling controls matched according to gender, age, education, and income. Pathological gambling was measured by the South Oaks Gambling Scale, depression by the Beck Depression Inventory, and coping styles by the Problem-Focused Styles of Coping inventory. Results showed that GA members reported significantly higher levels of depression and more maladaptive styles of coping than controls. Pathological gamblers' greater use of maladaptive coping was evident even when variance attributable to depression was removed, suggesting that their coping deficits may be pervasive. Female subjects reported significantly greater levels of depression and maladaptive coping thantheir male counterparts. Implications for treating depression and coping styles in pathological gamblers are discussed. 相似文献
80.
Age, Health and the Willingness to Pay for Mortality Risk Reductions: A Contingent Valuation Survey of Ontario Residents 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
Alan Krupnick Anna Alberini Maureen Cropper Nathalie Simon Bernie O'Brien Ron Goeree Martin Heintzelman 《Journal of Risk and Uncertainty》2002,24(2):161-186
We present the results of a contingent valuation survey eliciting willingness to pay (WTP) for mortality risk reductions. The survey was self-administered using a computer by 930 persons in Hamilton Ontario aged 40 to 75. Visual and audio aides were used to enhance risk comprehension. Mean WTP figures for a contemporaneous risk reduction imply a value of a statistical life of approximately C$l.2 to C$3.8 million (1999 C$). Mean WTP is constant with age up to 70 years, and is about 30 percent lower for persons aged 70 and older. WTP is unaffected by physical health status, but is affected by mental health. 相似文献