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561.
Our critique focuses on the poorly defined key concepts, methodological inconsistencies, circular research design, and over-reaching
substantive claims made by Young and Wolf. We suggest that Young and Wolf have provided an assessment of the Urban Ecosystems
journal, not of urban ecology as a field. We conclude by identifying questions to guide a bibliometric analysis that focuses
on a collaborative and interdisciplinary future of urban ecology (how are participating disciplines contributing to urban
ecological research and scholarship; what theories and conceptual frameworks are being used, and how are these theories being
tested and modified; and what mixed methodologies are being developed to collect data to address complex urban issues that
are inherently interdisciplinary). We take seriously Young and Wolf’s call for a “fundamental discussion as to if and how
the intentions of the field have been or need to be updated” and argue that such a discussion requires a more inclusive, rigorous,
and meaningful identification of the “core” of urban ecology literature than provided. 相似文献
562.
Sarah L. Stafford 《Social science quarterly》2004,85(5):1469-1486
Objective. This article examines the factors that determine whether an intercollegiate athletic program is in compliance with Title IX, the statute requiring gender equity in educational programs. Methods. I conduct a series of econometric regressions that examine the compliance status of Division I institutions as well as the progress they have made toward compliance. Results. Large institutions and institutions with a lower percentage of female undergraduates are more likely to be in compliance. Institutions with football programs are less likely to be in compliance as are schools in the south. The effect of football revenues, operating budgets, and NCAA sanctions varies across division as well as compliance area. Conclusions. The results of the analysis indicate that current enforcement mechanisms have been relatively ineffective at increasing compliance and that some change either in enforcement or compliance standards is warranted. Additionally, a one‐size‐fits‐all enforcement approach is unlikely to be effective. 相似文献
563.
Dr. Raymond De Young Sally Boerschig Sarah Carney Anne Dillenbeck Mark Elster Susan Horst Brad Kleiner Bruce Thomson 《Population and environment》1995,16(3):253-267
This study explored the promotion of recycling in multi-family dwellings. An experimental design investigated four behavior
change techniques: biweekly postcards giving specific feedback to each dwelling unit as to quantity and contamination of the
recyclables, newsletters giving general information on recycling and the amount recycled by the city as a whole, written pledges
committing households to recycle for a specified period, and volunteer coordinators who distributed information and answered
questions from residents. The effectiveness of these techniques was compared against that of a control group. The findings
suggest that volunteer coordinators are not an effective intervention technique in multi-family dwellings, and that feedback
and commitment techniques are useful mainly for managing contamination in medium sized complexes. The data also suggest that
the size of a multi-family dwelling complex significantly affects the amount of recyclables collected and the level of contamination.
Smaller complexes with less than ten units recycled up to three times the amount on a per unit basis as complexes with more
units. Smaller units also had fewer problems with contamination in their recyclables. Several explanations are offered for
the poor participation and performance in larger complexes. 相似文献
564.
Suitability of physical activity questionnaires for older adults in fall-prevention trials: a systematic review 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jørstad-Stein EC Hauer K Becker C Bonnefoy M Nakash RA Skelton DA Lamb SE 《Journal of aging and physical activity》2005,13(4):461-481
The purpose of the study was to identify physical activity questionnaires for older adults that might be suitable outcome measures in clinical trials of fall-injury-prevention intervention and to undertake a systematic quality assessment of their measurement properties. PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycINFO were systematically searched to identify measurements and articles reporting the methodological quality of relevant measures. Quality extraction relating to content, population, reliability, validity, responsiveness, acceptability, practicality, and feasibility was undertaken. Twelve outcome measures met the inclusion criteria. There is limited evidence about the measures' properties. None of the measures is entirely satisfactory for use in a large-scale trial at present. There is a need to develop suitable measures. The Stanford 7-day Physical Activity Recall Questionnaire and the Community Health Activities Model Program for Seniors questionnaire might be appropriate for further development. The results have implications for the designs of large-scale trials investigating many different geriatric syndromes. 相似文献
565.
Postcards to God was a creative method to allow individuals to express their spirituality. The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of this innovative method. At a skilled nursing facility in a geriatric residence, 19 older disabled workshop participants created collage and message "Postcards to God", and completed a brief survey. Postcard content and construction were coded and analyzed using qualitative methods around self-reports along two attitudinal dimensions: a) making a postcard to God; and b) level of religiousness. Spiritual and religious dimensions were related to postcard thematic content. Postcards were used for expressions of spirituality and prayer across all levels of self-reported religiousness. The Postcards project seems like useful way to facilitate spiritual expression. If validated in further study, this method may prove a useful way to promote spiritual expression in a variety of older and frail populations. 相似文献
566.
Hayford SR 《Journal of health and social behavior》2005,46(2):121-140
In this article, I analyze women's decisions to have their daughters circumcised based on data from 7,873 women in Kenya collected in the 1998 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey. I use multilevel models to assess the degree to which women s decisions are correlated with the decisions of other women in their community, in addition to studying the effects of socioeconomic characteristics measured at both the individual and community levels. I find some support for modernization theories, which argue that economic development leads to gradual erosion of the practice of female circumcision. However, more community-level variation is explained by the convention hypothesis, which proposes that the prevalence of female circumcision will decline rapidly once parents see that a critical mass of other parents have stopped circumcising their daughters. I also find substantial variation among different ethnic groups in the pace and onset of the decline of female genital cutting. 相似文献
567.
It is hardly possible to go through a day without "stepping on someone's toes." By practicing the steps described in this article, you can strengthen your ability to engage in an apology process that is powerful and healing. Being truthful and courageous about your own part of a situation opens the door for others around you to do likewise. People will experience you as a person who has integrity. Receiving an apology from another person allows you to complete the process by forgiving. 相似文献
568.
The results of several studies have established the validity of the SCOFF questionnaire (a 5-question screening tool for eating disorders), but researchers need to explore further replicability using the US version in the graduate school population. In this study, the authors asked 335 graduate students attending the Northwestern student health clinic on the Chicago campus to complete a written survey anonymously. A total of 305 (91%) patients completed the survey. The sensitivity and specificity for the SCOFF was 53.3% and 93.2%, respectively. This produced a PPV (the proportion who tested positive on the screen and actually had an eating disorder) of 66.7% and an NPV (the proportion of those who tested negative on the screen and actually did not have an eating disorder) of 88.7%. More than 80% of respondents were dissatisfied with their shape and weight, with over one third having a moderate to severe body image disturbance. The SCOFF is an easy instrument to administer that health care providers can use to screen for eating disorders in the primary care setting. 相似文献
569.
570.
Sarah K. S. Shannon Christopher Uggen Jason Schnittker Melissa Thompson Sara Wakefield Michael Massoglia 《Demography》2017,54(5):1795-1818
The steep rise in U.S. criminal punishment in recent decades has spurred scholarship on the collateral consequences of imprisonment for individuals, families, and communities. Several excellent studies have estimated the number of people who have been incarcerated and the collateral consequences they face, but far less is known about the size and scope of the total U.S. population with felony convictions beyond prison walls, including those who serve their sentences on probation or in jail. This article develops state-level estimates based on demographic life tables and extends previous national estimates of the number of people with felony convictions to 2010. We estimate that 3 % of the total U.S. adult population and 15 % of the African American adult male population has ever been to prison; people with felony convictions account for 8 % of all adults and 33 % of the African American adult male population. We discuss the far-reaching consequences of the spatial concentration and immense growth of these groups since 1980. 相似文献