Why Youths Drop out of High School: The Impact of Preferences,Opportunities, and Abilities

In this paper, we develop and structurally estimate a sequential model of high school attendance and work decisions. The model's estimates imply that youths who drop out of high school have different traits than those who graduate—they have lower school ability and/or motivation, they have lower expectations about the rewards from graduation, they have a comparative advantage at jobs that are done by nongraduates, and they place a higher value on leisure and have a lower consumption value of school attendance. We also found that working while in school reduces school performance. However, policy experiments based on the model's estimates indicate that even the most restrictive prohibition on working while attending high school would have only a limited impact on the high school graduation rates of white males.     

Global culture,learning style,and outcome: an interdisciplinary empirical study of international university students

The study examined 2500 business degree students from 21 countries, enrolled at an Australian university, using a survey to assess learning style, which was integrated into a global culture taxonomy. The research hypothesis was that academic outcome could be explained through an interdisciplinary model, by integrating proven theories from educational psychology (learning style) and anthropology (culture). The literature review included interdisciplinary and rival theories to make the research useful for global practitioners. Technical discussion was minimized, focusing on the pedagogical implications of a generalized least squares regression model, which was statistically significant (r ² = 0.87; X ² = 0, df = 0, p < 0.0001; n = 715). Four factors dominated the model in predicting higher multicultural student academic outcome: collectivist and risk‐taking cultures, along with visual‐input and active‐processing learning styles.

L’apporte a examiné le degré d’affaires 2500 étudiants de 21 pays, inscrits dans une université australienne, au moyen d’une enquête visant à évaluer le style d’apprentissage, qui a été intégré à une culture mondiale en matière de taxonomie. La recherche a été hypothèse que études résultat pourrait être expliqué par le biais d’un modèle interdisciplinaire, en intégrant les théories éprouvées de psychologie de l’éducation (style d’apprentissage) et de l’anthropologie (la culture). La revue de la littérature inclus interdisciplinaire et théories rivales à faire de la recherche utiles pour les praticiens mondial. Discussion technique a été réduit au minimum, axée sur les implications pédagogiques d’un généralisée des moindres carrés modèle de régression, qui a été statistiquement significative (r ² = 0.87; X ² = 0, df = 0, p < 0.0001; n = 715). Quatre facteurs dominent le modèle supérieur à la prévision multiculturelle des étudiants universitaires résultat: collectiviste et de prendre des risques cultures, ainsi que les visuels d’entrée et de processus actif styles d’apprentissage.     

Organizational citizenship behaviour for collectivist cultures: instrument development and human resource development implications

Organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB) is an increasingly examined construct in human resource development (HRD) research. The OCB construct is noted for being heavily influenced by culture leading to renewed calls for the development of OCB definitions and measurement approaches that can be used internationally. This study developed an OCB measurement appropriate for use in a collectivist society using Thailand as the setting. A literature review and a series of interviews with human resource directors were used for item generation. A survey of 1779 employees and 751 supervisors was then conducted to examine the cultural appropriateness of classifying the items as either in-role or citizenship behaviours in order to reduce the number of items. The resulting 35-item instrument was tested with survey data from 451 employees. Results showed acceptable validity for the instrument with conclusions and discussion highlighting the need for future analysis and refinement for further application of culturally relevant measures for use in international HRD research and professional practice.     

A systematic review of gait perturbation paradigms for improving reactive stepping responses and falls risk among healthy older adults

Background

Falls are a leading cause of injury among older adults and most often occur during walking. While strength and balance training moderately improve falls risk, training reactive recovery responses following sudden perturbations during walking may be more task-specific for falls prevention. The aim of this review was to determine the variety, characteristics and effectiveness of gait perturbation paradigms that have been used for improving reactive recovery responses during walking and reducing falls among healthy older adults.

Methods

A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, MEDLINE and CINAHL databases in December 2015, repeated in May 2016, using sets of terms relating to gait, perturbations, adaptation and training, and ageing. Inclusion criteria: studies were conducted with healthy participants of 60 years or older; repeated, unpredictable, mechanical perturbations were applied during walking; and reactive recovery responses to gait perturbations or the incidence of laboratory or daily life falls were recorded. Results were narratively synthesised. The risk of bias for each study (PEDro Scale) and the levels of evidence for each perturbation type were determined.

Results

In the nine studies that met the inclusion criteria, moveable floor platforms, ground surface compliance changes, or treadmill belt accelerations or decelerations were used to perturb the gait of older adults. Eight studies used a single session of perturbations, with two studies using multiple sessions. Eight of the studies reported improvement in the reactive recovery response to the perturbations. Four studies reported a reduction in the percentage of laboratory falls from the pre- to post-perturbation experience measurement and two studies reported a reduction in daily life falls. As well as the range of perturbation types, the magnitude and frequency of the perturbations varied between the studies.

Conclusions

To date, a range of perturbation paradigms have been used successfully to perturb older adults’ gait and stimulate reactive response adaptations. Variation also exists in the number and magnitudes of applied perturbations. Future research should examine the effects of perturbation type, magnitude and number on the extent and retention of the reactive recovery response adaptations, as well as on falls, over longer time periods among older adults.

     

Leadership and Crew Resource Management in High-Reliability Organizations: A Competency Framework for Measuring Behaviors

High-reliability organizations (HROs) have emerged across a number of highly technical, and increasingly automated industries (e.g., aviation, medicine, nuclear power, and oil field services). HROs incorporate complex systems with a large number of employees working in dynamic, and potentially dangerous environments. Effectively managing contingencies in HROs, to simultaneously promote safe and efficient behaviors is a daunting task. Crew Resource Management (CRM) has emerged in HROs as a highly effective approach to training and sustaining essential skills within work teams operating across a large workforce. CRM provides a competency framework that enables adherence to standard work instructions while, at the same time, encourages adaptive variance in responding to effectively manage current environmental circumstances that depart from normal routines. This paper considers the development of CRM across several high-reliability industries, develops a behavior analytic account of CRM behaviors, and describes an approach to measuring behaviors within simulated and actual work environments.     

Instrumental variable estimation in ordinal probit models with mismeasured predictors

Researchers in the medical, health, and social sciences routinely encounter ordinal variables such as self‐reports of health or happiness. When modelling ordinal outcome variables, it is common to have covariates, for example, attitudes, family income, retrospective variables, measured with error. As is well known, ignoring even random error in covariates can bias coefficients and hence prejudice the estimates of effects. We propose an instrumental variable approach to the estimation of a probit model with an ordinal response and mismeasured predictor variables. We obtain likelihood‐based and method of moments estimators that are consistent and asymptotically normally distributed under general conditions. These estimators are easy to compute, perform well and are robust against the normality assumption for the measurement errors in our simulation studies. The proposed method is applied to both simulated and real data. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 47: 653–667; 2019 © 2019 Statistical Society of Canada     

Exact and resampling probability values for the Piccarreta nominal–ordinal index of association

Exact, resampling, and Pearson type III permutation methods are provided to compute probability values for Piccarreta's nominal–ordinal index of association. The resampling permutation method provides good approximate probability values based on the proportion of resampled test statistic values equal to or greater than the observed test statistic value.