Burns and Stalker's theory of organic/mechanistic structures (1961, The Management of Innovation. London: Tavistock) has been widely used. However, review of the empirical literature revealed inconsistencies in how the concepts have been operationalized. These inconsistencies may interfere with the ability to consolidate knowledge. This paper reviews the various ways in which researchers have operationalized the concepts, and summarizes the empirical findings derived from these operationalizations. In doing so, it highlights gaps and opportunities for future empirical and methodological work, suggesting the need to further our theoretical conceptualization of the concepts and to draw attention to Burns and Stalker's ( 1961 ) largely neglected corollary of the employee experience. As such, this review provides a road map for future exploration of the wide‐ranging implications associated with organic and mechanistic structures. 相似文献
Disabled people are regularly denied their human rights, since policies and laws are hard to translate literally into practice. This article aims to make connections between social practice theories and Disability Studies, in order to understand the problems faced by disabled people, using different methods to look in detail at how practices are shaped and how disabled people get excluded. Disabled people are active agents in making change, both informally on an everyday basis and through formal actions. Thus we also suggest that the insights of disabled people could bring a fresh perspective to social practice theories, by troubling the taken-for-granted in our everyday lives. 相似文献
We find that irrational bubbles continue to form in an experimental assets market even though experience lessens specious market pricing. However, this irrationality may remain hidden from the customary observational perspective. Both price expectations and bubbles appear rational, passing both traditional and cointegration tests. Conventional statistical testing has difficulty distinguishing “irrational” inertia from “rational” market behavior. Yet, inertia provides a much better explanation of observed, experimental market prices than do the “fundamentals” Keywords: Inertia, Rational Bubbles, Experimental Markets, Econometric Testing. 相似文献
Aging males have a decrease in testosterone levels, by which the testosterone treatment may influence in a negatively fashion the liver.
Aim: This study aimed to analyze the effects of aging with or without testosterone administration on the liver components of animals.
Methods: Wistar rats were divided into three groups: 20 months’ group (G20), 24 months’ group (G24), group treated with testosterone for 16 weeks (GT). All groups were sacrificed at 24 months except for G20 that was sacrificed at 20 months.
Results: Aging and testosterone treatment alters the body weight (BW), liver weight (LW) and relative liver weight. Besides, testosterone increased the mitogen capacity of hepatocytes. Nonetheless, we reinforce the negative effects of testosterone on old animals’ liver as chronic hepatic congestion and/or cholestasis. In addition, we observed that testosterone plays an important role on hepatic glycogen stores.
Conclusions: Our study showed many implications for the knowledge about the effects of aging with or without testosterone administration on old animals’ liver. 相似文献
Recent disclosures about problem commercial real estate loans have exposed the underwriting process to intense scrutiny. This study focuses on mortgage loan underwriters of life insurance companies. After a review of the tax changes that affected commercial real estate from 1969 through 1988, the study tests how loan underwriters reacted to changes in tax benefits. To overcome the interdependent effects of interest rates and capitalization rates, a variation of the Black-Scholes pricing model is used to test the impact of changes in tax benefits. The results indicate that the underwriters do not fully incorporate the value of tax benefits in the underwriting decision. During the period of the largest tax benefits, 1982 to 1986, underwriters became more conservative and increased their equity requirements. 相似文献
A quasi-experimental design (N = 517) was used to investigate the effect on audience response to a supported charity if corporate support is featured in an advertisement. The results indicate that corporate support of a charity appears not to influence audience attitudes and donation intentions for the charity. A small portion of the audience may be motivated to donate when learning of a large corporate donation to the charity. The level of individuals’ favorability for the charity was the strongest predictor of their attitudes and intentions. Gender was also a predictor of more positive charity attitudes, with females reporting more positive attitudes than males for three of four charities. Managerial implications and areas for future research are discussed. 相似文献
In the area of the design and physiotherapy, the using of virtual technologies for immersion of users are spreading. And this affirmation extends to several areas of knowledge. In games, the quote is, resources are being used to work cognitive skills, attention, memory, among other factors beside the children. Currently, at the expense of usability, low cost, virtual technologies of perception and interaction, as Nintendo Wii, X-Box 360, among others, arises therefore a new class of games called Exergames, which is the union of physical activity the game. This fact gives users the development of sensory and motor skills through virtual reality mechanisms suitable for certain needs. This literature review aimed to provide an overview of the current context of Exergames, especially in use for controlling childhood obesity, which is growing alarmingly, with some features, applications and possibilities for use at the design and other areas such as physiotherapy. 相似文献
The relationship between migration and child health in individual countries is well known, but the cross-national variation
in this relationship is largely untested. Using Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data from 52 medium and low income countries,
this study examines the effect of rural–urban migration on infant mortality and whether its effect varies cross-nationally.
A secondary objective is to determine whether there is a relationship between the time a child is born in the migration process
and infant mortality. Hypotheses are developed on the basis of competing theories on the relationship between migration and
health. There are modest, but significant cross-national effects of rural–urban migration on infant mortality, which were
better revealed in the presence of family- and child-level variables. The results also show that the unadjusted effects of
rural–urban migration are quite substantial, but were largely accounted for by family- and child-level factors including education,
socioeconomic status (SES), marital status, birth order, maternal age at child’s birth, and inter-births intervals. The results
largely point to a selection process, which is further confirmed by results showing that the hazards of infant death increase
with length of urban residence. Programs that target increasing maternal education, improving household SES, and lengthening
interbirth intervals would therefore greatly benefit child survival in less developed countries. 相似文献
A decision rule for selecting a one-sided or two-sided alternative for a standard hypothesis test is developed. Using a prior distribution of the parameter to be tested, the alternative is chosen which maximizes expected power. The test of a binomial parameter is presented to illustrate the method. 相似文献