DECISION TIME,CONSIDERATION TIME,AND STATUS QUO BIAS

Economists increasingly appreciate the value of studying the time taken to make decisions in order to provide insights into decision makers' choices. This article shows that studying how time is allocated among individual options is also valuable in helping researchers to understand the impact default options have on decision makers' attention allocation, as approximated by how the time is allocated. The study of this impact generates new insights into the well‐known choice phenomenon of status quo bias, which typically refers to decision makers' tendency to stick to a default option. By designing a series of novel experiments, I find that this bias arises even when the choice is among prizes of fixed monetary value expressed in arithmetic form. I also find asymmetric attention (i.e., more time devoted to default options) and strikingly asymmetric choice errors; specifically, decision makers fail to select an alternative better than the default 28% of the time, while they incorrectly select an alternative worse than the default only 11% of the time; and provide evidence supporting a causal relationship between asymmetric attention and asymmetric errors. (JEL D03, D12, D83)     

汉英时文翻译中句子连接手段的分类及应用

汉英政经时文翻译是我国实现对外宣传的手段之一,对语言表述的准确性要求较高,而连接手段在汉英翻译中起着承上启下、彰显逻辑关系的重要作用.在对汉英句法结构进行对比的基础上,提出了连接手段在英汉时文翻译中的实现步骤:分析句子,确定SV结构→找出次要动词与主动词间的内在逻辑语义关系→根据逻辑关系选择语义标记→安排语序.     

珠三角不同类型社区的社会组织发展特点比较分析——以中山市为调研个案

社区社会组织在加强社区管理、推进社区自治、培育社区文化、推进社区公益方面日益凸显其独特的优势与功能。但由于各社区的经济发展程度、居民的结构、文化基础等方面的差别,不同类型的社区其社会组织发展的状况、特点以及发展中遇到的困难等也各不一样。文章以中山市为调研个案,对珠三角的不同类型社区社会组织发展状况及存在的问题进行了比较分析。     

Welfare inequalities and Rawlsian axiomatics

This paper is concerned with ordinal comparisons of welfare inequality and its use in social welfare judgements, especially in the context of Rawls' difference principle. In Section 1 the concept of ordinal inequality comparisons is developed and a theorem on ordinal comparisons of welfare inequality for distributional problems is noted. Section 2 is devoted to Harsanyi's (1955) argument that a concern for reducing welfare inequalities among persons must not enter social welfare judgements. In Section 3 an axiomatic derivation of Rawls' lexicographic maximim rule is presented; this relates closely to results established by Hammond (1975), d'Aspremont and Gevers (1975) and Strasnick (1975). In the last section the axioms used are examined and some alternative axioms are analysed with the aim of a discriminating evaluation of the Rawlsian approach to judgements on social welfare.Based on the text of a lecture delivered at the International Congress of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science in London, Ontario, Canada, on August 29th, 1975. Thanks are due to Peter Hammond and Kevin Roberts for helpful comments and criticisms.     

Aquatic landscape change,extirpations, and introductions in the Chicago Region

Urban Ecosystems - Prior to European settlement, swamps, marshes, lakes, and streams were the major landscape features of the Chicago region. Much of this has been altered or lost in the past...     

非同类企业竞争与合作策略收益模型及风险分析

在比较同类企业竞争策略模型与合作策略模型的基础上,讨论了价格的信息作用,分析了合作策略收益更大和风险并不随之增加的原因。然后以现代决策理念为出发点,探讨了企业最大利润与企业条件的关系,提出了与企业单位变动成本和生产能力条件相适应的合理最大利润的概念,对“理性企业的假设”赋予了“追求与企业条件相适应的合理最大利润”的新含义。据此设计了非同类企业产量分配函数,建立了适用性更广的非同类企业合作策略最佳收益模型,并给出了随市场价格变化的企业最佳应对策略。最后用1个算例来直观体现合作策略的优势。     

Maximizing Business Returns to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): The Role of CSR Communication

By engaging in corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities, companies can not only generate favorable stakeholder attitudes and better support behaviors (e.g. purchase, seeking employment, investing in the company), but also, over the long run, build corporate image, strengthen stakeholder–company relationships, and enhance stakeholders' advocacy behaviors. However, stakeholders' low awareness of and unfavorable attributions towards companies' CSR activities remain critical impediments in companies' attempts to maximize business benefits from their CSR activities, highlighting a need for companies to communicate CSR more effectively to stakeholders. In light of these challenges, a conceptual framework of CSR communication is presented and its different aspects are analyzed, from message content and communication channels to company- and stakeholder-specific factors that influence the effectiveness of CSR communication.     

The importance of innovation leadership in cultivating strategic fit and enhancing firm performance

This study examines the importance of innovation leadership in cultivating the strategic fit of an organization with its environment, and enhancing various economic, relationship, and product performance outcomes. It thus explores how innovation leadership enables a firm to change and adapt to its external environment and by implication enhance its performance. The results of data collected from 117 firms show that innovation leadership, both directly and through increased strategic fit, significantly enhances firm performance. Implications for research on strategic and innovation leadership and adaptive organizational systems are discussed.     

The Media and Genetically Modified Foods: Evidence in Support of Social Amplification of Risk

Empirical examinations of the "social amplification of risk" framework are rare, partly because of the difficulties in predicting when conditions likely to result in amplification effects will occur. This means that it is difficult to examine changes in risk perception that are contemporaneous with increases and/or decreases in social or media discussion of the risks associated with a particular risk event. However, the collection of attitude data before, during, and after the increased reporting of the risks of genetically modified food in the United Kingdom (spring 1999) has demonstrated that people's risk perceptions do increase and decrease in line with what might be expected upon examination of the amplification and attenuation mechanisms integral to the framework. Perceptions of benefit, however, appeared to be permanently depressed by negative reporting about genetically modified food. Trust in regulatory institutions with responsibility for protecting the public was not affected. It was concluded that the social amplification of risk framework is a useful framework for beginning to explain the potential impact on risk perceptions of a risk event, particularly if that risk event is presented to the public as a new hazard occurring in a crisis context.