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871.
872.
This paper constructs an efficient, budget‐balanced, Bayesian incentive‐compatible mechanism for a general dynamic environment with quasilinear payoffs in which agents observe private information and decisions are made over countably many periods. First, under the assumption of “private values” (other agents' private information does not directly affect an agent's payoffs), we construct an efficient, ex post incentive‐compatible mechanism, which is not budget‐balanced. Second, under the assumption of “independent types” (the distribution of each agent's private information is not directly affected by other agents' private information), we show how the budget can be balanced without compromising agents' incentives. Finally, we show that the mechanism can be made self‐enforcing when agents are sufficiently patient and the induced stochastic process over types is an ergodic finite Markov chain. 相似文献
873.
Previous research in environmental cognition has focused primarily on physical attributes of environmental settings. The present studies were undertaken to explore the extent to which schemata for settings include their social attributes as well. Subjects were asked to make judgments about the occupants of a variety of examples of either residential or work settings, and to judge the settings themselves. Higher occupational status and more favorable traits were attributed to residents of higher-status neighborhoods. More favorable traits were attributed to people who work in settings associated with higher-status occupations. Higher-status neighborhoods, but not work settings, were judged more favorably. These findings support recent calls for a more inclusive view of environmental settings that considers both their physical and social attributes. They also suggest a new direction for social-psychological research in person perception.The authors would like to thank all those members of the research teams that conducted these studies who could not be listed as co-authors. The authors are indebted to two anonymous reviewers and the journal editor for constructive suggestions that improved this article greatly. Requests for reprints may be sent to the first author at the Psychology Department, Susquehanna University, Selinsgrove, PA 17870 相似文献
874.
Susan L. D. Rovi 《Population research and policy review》1994,13(4):343-365
In this paper, I argue for an approach to the study of the childless/childfree based on negative reproductive intentions. To forward this argument, I present the theoretical justification for a concept based on taking no for an answer, demonstrating that such an approach provides both a valid and reliable measure of intended childlessness. Building on earlier work by researchers of childlessness and reacting to their concerns that most studies have not employed either representative sampling or multivariate methods, I incorporate both in empirical tests of this approach. Using 11 years of the General Social Survey and a Trichotomous Logit Analysis, the resulting model simultaneously assesses the effects of the independent variables on the probabilities that the married women in this sample are childless/childfree. This analysis is generally consistent with hypotheses generated from earlier studies and their findings on the correlates of childlessness, thereby supporting the literature that says the voluntarily childless are a distinct group. In effect, the viability of the concept is substantiated, enabling its use in future research. Because this conceptualization recognizes the dynamics of reproductive intentions, it provides a way to better understand the current social milieu of individuals who say they do not intend to parent.An earlier version of this paper was presented at the American Sociological Association in Pittsburgh, PA in August 1992. 相似文献
875.
Fordyce E. James Shum Roy Singh Tejinder Pal Berenson Louise Forlenza Susan 《Population research and policy review》1997,16(3):197-211
Recent changes in life expectancy among race and sex groups in New York City were evaluated by analyzing the relative effects of different causes of death in 1983 and 1992, a period in which life expectancy at birth declined by 1.1 years among white males, remained unchanged among black males, and increased 1.2 years among white and black females. Heart disease was found to be the leading cause of death making positive contributions to changes in life expectancy regardless of race or sex, and HIV/AIDS was the leading negative contributor. Overall, deaths from infectious diseases and external causes are becoming more important compared to degenerative conditions in explaining trends in life expectancy in New York City. Past improvements in survival due to reductions in infant deaths are being reversed due to an increase in deaths from preventable causes such as violence and AIDS. Future gains in longevity may require a greater emphasis on policies and programs emphasizing conflict resolution and HIV prevention. 相似文献
876.
Susan Shoemaker 《Population research and policy review》1983,2(1):35-51
Degree of sex equality in rural areas of the U.S.S.R. is assessed with reference to a multi-variable model which specifies demographic, technological, social, and ideological factors associated with sex stratification. Such analysis reveals that the emphasis in the U.S.S.R. on women's participation in production as the key to sex equality ignores other dimensions of sex stratification which are not changed using this tactic. In particular, rural traditions of higher birth rates, more authoritarian families, greater religious emphasis, and male scorn for women have kept the status of rural women even lower than that of their urban counterparts. Additionally, the agrarian techno-economic base and lack of institutional supports for childcare and housework help perpetuate sex stratification. Increasing sex differentiation is probably in store for the Soviet Union, because official pronatalist policies are likely to be facilitated by expanding the service sector, which will further increase the division of labor in the market. 相似文献
877.
Ethiopia, with nearly 65 millionpeople, is the second most populous country in sub-Saharan Africa. Fertility levels are among the highest in the world. Using the matched wife-husband sample from the 1990 National Family and Fertility Survey of Ethiopia we investigate the fertility desires of wives and husbands and the degree to which they are similar, including whether a preference for sons exists. We model the determinants of the desire to limit or space births, and estimate unmet need. Results indicate high levels of concurrence among husbands and wives on reproductive preferences. Where differences exist, husbands are more pronatalist than their wives. Both husbands and wives prefer to have sons and daughters, but more sons overall. Approximately 22% of wives and husbands desire to limit or space births but do not use contraception. More than half of wives and husbands with an unmet need for limiting are paired with a partner who has no such need. Three implications follow from these results: (1) differences in wives' and husbands' son and daughter preferences may help to explain discordant views among couples when it comes to the desire to limit or space births; (2) husbands' overall contribution to wives' unmet need can be substantial in African societies in the early stages of fertility transition; and (3) wives' preferences regarding children and contraception can result in unmet need on the part of husbands, even in highly gender-stratified societies where men are more pronatalist. 相似文献
878.
Stewart SD 《Demography》2002,39(1):181-197
This article reports on a study of the effect of stepchildren (children from previous unions) on couples' fertility intentions and childbearing behavior using longitudinal data from the National Survey of Families and Households. The results indicated that stepchildren negatively affect childbearing intentions and childbearing risks. Intentions to have a child are weakened by one's own previous biological children and the previous biological children of one's current spouse or partner. This effect varies by the parenting configuration of the couple and gender of the respondent. Among couples with stepchildren, intentions remain high until each partner has had a biological child. Unlike women, men's previous biological children do not affect their intentions of having a child. Stepchildren exert a weak negative effect on couples' childbearing risks, and this effect is mediated by the couples' childbearing intentions. The findings suggest that stepchildren should be incorporated into future models of fertility. 相似文献
879.
Poverty levels among all children in the United States have tended to fluctuate in the past 30 years. However, among the children of immigrants, child poverty increased steadily and rapidly from about 12% in 1970 to 33% in the late 1990s before declining to about 21% in 2000. Using 1970, 1980, 1990, and 2000 Public Use Microdata Samples data, we identified key factors that underlie the fluctuations in immigrant child poverty from 1969 to 1999 and the divergence from children of natives. We found that roughly half the absolute increase in immigrant child poverty can be linked to changing conditions in the U.S. economy that make it more difficult to lift a family out of poverty than 30 years ago. These changes occurred disproportionately among children of parents with lower levels of education, employment, and U.S. experience but not among racial/ethnic minorities. Poverty risks among various racial and ethnic groups converged over time. The relative increase in poverty for immigrant versus native children owes largely to the divergence between immigrant and native families in racial/ethnic composition, parental education, and employment. 相似文献
880.
Gender differences were examined in the identity processes of identity assimilation (maintaining identity despite age changes), identity accommodation (changing identity) and balance (using both processes) and in the relationship of these processes to self-esteem. We tested a community sample of 222 adults (131 females and 91 males) ranging from 40 to 84 years of age (M = 57.5, SD = 12.1). Analysis of variance yielded evidence showing greater use of identity accommodation for women. Identity accommodation was negatively associated with self-esteem for both genders, while identity assimilation was positively associated with self-esteem for women only. For both men and women, identity balance was positively related to self-esteem. Women's use of the identity processes in relation to self-esteem is discussed. Societal views on aging are suggested to impact women, such that they engage in identity accommodation while benefiting from identity assimilation. From these findings, it appears that examining the processes contributing to the maintenance of self-esteem may be a more useful approach to characterizing the aging process and gender differences than focusing on mean differences alone. 相似文献