晚明中国的文艺复兴教育——关于耶稣会士高一志《童幼教育》的初步研究

1588年,范礼安在澳门出版了玻尼法爵的《基督教育》,这是在中国用西方技术印刷的第一本书。40余年后,意大利传教士高一志在山西出版了《童幼教育》。本文试图研究这两本书的关系,证明《童幼教育》受到了文艺复兴教育思想的影响,通过对此书来源的分析来阐明它的结构,并且在西方与中国文化相遇的背景之下研究《童幼教育》的意图。     

Set Identified Linear Models

We analyze the identification and estimation of parameters β satisfying the incomplete linear moment restrictions E(z^⊤(xβ−y)) = E(z^⊤u(z)), where z is a set of instruments and u(z) an unknown bounded scalar function. We first provide empirically relevant examples of such a setup. Second, we show that these conditions set identify β where the identified set B is bounded and convex. We provide a sharp characterization of the identified set not only when the number of moment conditions is equal to the number of parameters of interest, but also in the case in which the number of conditions is strictly larger than the number of parameters. We derive a necessary and sufficient condition of the validity of supernumerary restrictions which generalizes the familiar Sargan condition. Third, we provide new results on the asymptotics of analog estimates constructed from the identification results. When B is a strictly convex set, we also construct a test of the null hypothesis, β₀∈B, whose size is asymptotically correct and which relies on the minimization of the support function of the set B− {β₀}. Results of some Monte Carlo experiments are presented.     

Stochastic Spanning

ABSTRACT

This study develops and implements methods for determining whether introducing new securities or relaxing investment constraints improves the investment opportunity set for all risk averse investors. We develop a test procedure for “stochastic spanning” for two nested portfolio sets based on subsampling and linear programming. The test is statistically consistent and asymptotically exact for a class of weakly dependent processes. A Monte Carlo simulation experiment shows good statistical size and power properties in finite samples of realistic dimensions. In an application to standard datasets of historical stock market returns, we accept market portfolio efficiency but reject two-fund separation, which suggests an important role for higher-order moment risk in portfolio theory and asset pricing. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.     

Linear Regression Models under Conditional Independence Restrictions

Maximum likelihood estimation is investigated in the context of linear regression models under partial independence restrictions. These restrictions aim to assume a kind of completeness of a set of predictors Z in the sense that they are sufficient to explain the dependencies between an outcome Y and predictors X: ?(Y|Z, X) = ?(Y|Z), where ?(·|·) stands for the conditional distribution. From a practical point of view, the former model is particularly interesting in a double sampling scheme where Y and Z are measured together on a first sample and Z and X on a second separate sample. In that case, estimation procedures are close to those developed in the study of double‐regression by Engel & Walstra (1991) and Causeur & Dhorne (1998) . Properties of the estimators are derived in a small sample framework and in an asymptotic one, and the procedure is illustrated by an example from the food industry context.     

Emergence of a consonant bias during the first year of life: New evidence from own‐name recognition

Recent evidence suggests that during the first year of life, a preference for consonant information during lexical processing (consonant bias) emerges, at least for some languages like French. Our study investigated the factors involved in this emergence as well as the developmental consequences for variation in consonant bias emergence. In a series of experiments, we measured 5‐, 8‐, and 11‐month‐old French‐learning infants orientation times to a consonant or vowel mispronunciation of their own name, which is one of the few word forms familiar to infants at this young age. Both 5‐ and 8‐month‐olds oriented longer to vowel mispronunciations, but 11‐month‐olds showed a different pattern, initially orienting longer to consonant mispronunciations. We interpret these results as further evidence of an initial vowel bias, with consonant bias emergence by 11 months. Neither acoustic‐phonetic nor lexical factors predicted preferences in 8‐ and 11‐month‐olds. Finally, counter to our predictions, a vowel bias at the time of test for 11‐month‐olds was related to later productive vocabulary outcomes.     

Estimations of the parameter of a Dirichlet distribution using residual allocation model representations and sampling properties

Estimating the parameter of a Dirichlet distribution is an interesting question since this distribution arises in many situations of applied probability. Classical procedures are based on sample of Dirichlet distribution. In this paper we exhibit five different estimators from only one observation. They are based either on residual allocation model decompositions or on sampling properties of Dirichlet distributions. Two ways are investigated: the first one uses fragments’ size and the second one uses size-biased permutations of a partition. Numerical computations based on simulations are supplied. The estimators are finally used to estimate birth probabilities per month.     

Local likelihood density estimation for interval censored data

The authors propose a class of procedures for local likelihood estimation from data that are either interval‐censored or that have been aggregated into bins. One such procedure relies on an algorithm that generalizes existing self‐consistency algorithms by introducing kernel smoothing at each step of the iteration. The entire class of procedures yields estimates that are obtained as solutions of fixed point equations. By discretizing and applying numerical integration, the authors use fixed point theory to study convergence of algorithms for the class. Rapid convergence is effected by the implementation of a local EM algorithm as a global Newton iteration. The latter requires an explicit solution of the local likelihood equations which can be found by using the symbolic Newton‐Raphson algorithm, if necessary.     

POWER INSIDE THE FIRM AND THE MARKET: A GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM APPROACH

Recent years have witnessed an enormous amount of reorganization of the corporate sector in the United States and Europe. This article examines the role of market competition in this trend of corporate reorganization. We find that, at intermediate levels of competition, the CEO of the corporation decides to have less power inside the firm and to delegate control to lower levels of the firms' hierarchy. Workers' empowerment and the move to a flatter organizational structure emerge as an equilibrium when competition is not too tough and not too weak. The model predicts merger waves or waves of outsourcing when countries become more integrated in the global economy as the corporate sector reorganizes in response to an increase in international competition. (JEL: F12, D23, L22, L1)     

从民间金融组织到正规金融机构--谈台湾中小企业融资之问题

对台湾中小企业而言,从民间金融组织转变到正规金融机构,经历了大约一百年的漫长时间.从1895年清政府把台湾岛的主权割让给日本(<中日马关条约>)开始,到1995年中小企业银行取消了"合会金"管理业务为止.从最初的日本殖民政府,到后来的中国国民党政府,对"合会金"都制定了相同的管理策略:严格规范,个别取缔,允许专业金融机构吸收容纳.