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581.
Scientific ideas neither arise nor develop in a vacuum. They are always nutured against a background of prior, partially conflicting
ideas. Systemic hypothesistesting is the problem of testing scientific hypotheses relative to various systems of background
knowledge. This paper shows how the problem of systemic hypothesis-testing (Sys HT) can be systematically expressed as a constrained
maximimization problem. It is also shown how the error of the third kind (E
III) is fundamental to the theory of Sys HT.The error of the third kind is defined as the probability of having solved the ‘wrong’ problem when one should have solved
the ‘right’ problem. This paper shows howE
III can be given both a systematic as well as a systemic treatment. Sys HT gives rise to a whole host of new decision problems,
puzzles, and paradoxes. 相似文献
582.
Fish for Dinner? Balancing Risks,Benefits, and Values in Formulating Food Consumption Advice
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Many and complex factors underlie seemingly simple decisions about what to eat. This is particularly so for foods such as fish, which present consumers with both risks and benefits. Advice about what type of and how much fish to consume is abundant, but that advice is often confusing or contradictory, reflecting the differing mandates and orientations of those advising. We survey a range of issues that can and should be incorporated into dietary advice, and offer tools for health agencies tasked with providing it. We argue that risks and benefits should not be limited to direct physical health. Rather, socioeconomic and community factors, unintended or indirect effects, and nonhuman‐health outcomes such as animal welfare and planetary health should also be considered and weighed. We provide examples of existing fish consumption guidance to highlight the conflicting messages that emerge when different sources of advice with singular aims of avoiding risk, gaining nutritional benefit, or sustaining fish populations are juxtaposed. We then offer tools borrowed from health and other fields to guide health agencies toward developing more comprehensive advice and targeting that advice for specific populations. 相似文献
583.
Public Organization Review - This article focuses on the role of experts in the Norwegian decision-making process in central government during the crisis management of the COVID-19 pandemic. It is... 相似文献
584.
ABSTRACT: It is noticed that in both theoretical and empirical analyses concerning the relationship between corporatism and economic performance, the role of government is kept rather implicit. This article aims to incorporate government into the analysis in a more explicit way by analyzing whether government policies differ between corporatist and non-corporatist countries. The empirical results of the research reveal that corporatist countries are not only characterized by centralization or coordination of wage bargaining, but also by relatively high government expenditure, tax revenues, a higher ratio of active to passive labour market policies and also higher average unemployment benefits. 相似文献
585.
We study adaptive importance sampling (AIS) as an online learning problem and argue for the importance of the trade-off between exploration and exploitation in this adaptation. Borrowing ideas from the online learning literature, we propose Daisee, a partition-based AIS algorithm. We further introduce a notion of regret for AIS and show that Daisee has cumulative pseudo-regret, where is the number of iterations. We then extend Daisee to adaptively learn a hierarchical partitioning of the sample space for more efficient sampling and confirm the performance of both algorithms empirically. 相似文献
586.
Public Organization Review - 相似文献
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Public Organization Review - 相似文献
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