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111.
There is mixed evidence in the existing literature on whether children are associated with greater subjective well-being, with the correlation depending on which countries and populations are considered. We here provide a systematic analysis of this question based on three different datasets: two cross-national and one national panel. We show that the association between children and subjective well-being is positive only in developed countries, and for those who become parents after the age of 30 and who have higher income. We also provide evidence of a positive selection into parenthood, whereby happier individuals are more likely to have children. 相似文献
112.
Elke Loichinger Bernhard Hammer Alexia Prskawetz Michael Freiberger Joze Sambt 《Revue europeenne de demographie》2017,33(3):351-380
In this paper we compare several types of economic dependency ratios for a selection of European countries. These dependency ratios take into account not only the demographic structure of the population, but also the differences in age-specific economic behaviour such as labour market activity, income and consumption as well as age-specific public transfers. In selected simulations where we combine patterns of age-specific economic behaviour and transfers with population projections, we show that in all countries population ageing would lead to a pronounced increase in dependency ratios if present age-specific patterns were not to change. Our analysis of cross-country differences in economic dependency demonstrates that these differences are driven by both differences in age-specific economic behaviour and in the age composition of the populations. The choice of which dependency ratio to use in a specific policy context is determined by the nature of the question to be answered. The comparison of our various dependency ratios across countries gives insights into which strategies might be effective in mitigating the expected increase in economic dependency due to demographic change. 相似文献
113.
Embeddedness theory stresses the importance of concrete personal relations and networks of relations in economic life. Recent sociological research shows that effects of embeddedness may differ between social settings, and recent experimental anthropological findings reveal that levels of cooperation and norm-enforcement differ between cultural settings. We extent these lines of research by examining whether effects of embeddedness on trust differ between two social settings, namely Germany and The Netherlands. To examine our research question we use a comprehensive database consisting of 925 Dutch and 929 German purchase transactions. We find evidence that some aspects of social embeddedness indeed have different effects in the two countries. In Germany sharing a history of previous transaction and the existence of alternative partners had a larger effect on trust than in the Netherlands. We offer a potential explanation and discuss its implications for future research on embeddedness. 相似文献
114.
Dynamic reasoning and time pressure: Transition from analytical operations to experiential responses
Based upon the Decision Field Theory (Busemeyer and Townsend 1993), we tested a model of dynamic reasoning to predict the
effect of time pressure on analytical and experiential processing during decision-making. Forty-six participants were required
to make investment decisions under four levels of time pressure. In each decision, participants were presented with experiential
cues which were either congruent or incongruent with the analytical information. The congruent/incongruent conditions allowed
us to examine how many decisions were based upon the experiential versus the analytical information, and to see if this was
affected by the varying degrees of time pressure. As expected, the overall accuracy was reduced with greater time pressure
and accuracy was higher when the experiential and analytical cues were congruent than when they were incongruent. Of great
interest was the data showing that under high time pressure participants used more experiential cues than at other time pressures.
We suggest that the dynamic reasoning paradigm has some future potential for predicting the effects of experiential biases
in general, and specifically under time pressure. 相似文献
115.
Sourour Elloumi 《Journal of Combinatorial Optimization》2010,19(1):69-83
Given a set of clients and a set of potential sites for facilities, the p-median problem consists of opening a set of p sites and assigning each client to the closest open facility to it. It can be viewed as a variation of the uncapacitated
facility location problem. We propose a new formulation of this problem by a mixed integer linear problem. We show that this
formulation, while it has the same value by LP-relaxation, can be much more efficient than two previous formulations. The
computational experiment performed on two sets of benchmark instances has showed that the efficiency of the standard branch-and-cut
algorithm has been significantly improved. Finally, we explore the structure of the new formulation in order to derive reduction
rules and to accelerate the LP-relaxation resolution. 相似文献
116.
Many important decisions involve financial risk, and substantial evidence suggests that women tend to be more risk averse
than men. We explore a potential biological basis of risk-taking variation within and between the sexes by studying how the
ratio between the length of the second and fourth fingers (2D:4D) predicts risk-taking. A smaller 2D:4D ratio has been linked
to higher exposure to prenatal testosterone relative to estradiol, with men having lower ratios than women. In financially
motivated decision-making tasks, we find that men and women with smaller 2D:4D ratios chose significantly riskier options.
We further find that the ratio partially explains the variation in risk-taking between the sexes. Moreover, for men and women
at the extremes of the digit-ratio distribution the difference in risk-taking disappears. Thus, the 2D:4D ratio partially
explains variation in financial risk-taking behavior within and between sexes and offers evidence of a biological basis for
risk-taking behavior. 相似文献
117.
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119.
We describe a first experiment on whether product complexity affects competition and consumers in retail markets. We are unable
to detect a significant effect of product complexity on prices, except insofar as the demand elasticity for complex products
is higher. However, there is qualified evidence that complex products have the potential to induce consumers to buy more than
they would otherwise. In this sense, consumer exploitability in quantities cannot be ruled out. We also find evidence for
shaping effects: consumers’ preferences are shaped by past experience with prices, and firms may in principle exploit this
to sell more. 相似文献
120.
A Diamond-Stiglitz approach to the demand for self-protection 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The existing research concerning the relationship between risk aversion and prudence and the demand for self-protection assumes
that the loss variable follows a Bernoulli distribution, and that changes in the level of self-protection are mean preserving.
The analysis here replaces these two very strong conditions with ones which are more general. When doing this, the method
of analysis is also significantly modified. This modification includes representing a change in the level of self-protection
using the procedure developed by Diamond and Stiglitz (Journal of Economic Theory 8:337-360, 1974) for representing a change in risk. This alternate representation allows the existing findings to be generalized considerably,
and also simplifies the analysis. 相似文献