Partial strikes under the railway labor act: The need for a doctrine of unprotected concerted activity

In light of use by airline unions of partial-strike tactics, such as concerted refusals to bid for overtime work and so-called ” CHAOS” tactics involving unannounced refusals to fly after passengers have been ticketed and are ready to board, the authors examine whether the Railway Labor Act (RLA) should be interpreted to permit employers to discipline employees for engaging in such tactics, or whether these are a protected form of economic pressure. Although in many respects bargaining duties and economic weapons under the RLA are read consonant with precedents under the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) (which governs all industries other than rail and air transport), there are a few decisions suggesting that during the period when self-help may be resorted to, employees can engage in partial strike activities as long as they violate no court order but are subject to permanent replacement in limited circumstances. These decisions, the authors submit, fail to take account of Supreme Court decsions since the 1930s that some economic pressures by unions, such as slowdowns and sitins, may not violate the labor laws but nor are they protected by those laws so as to immunize partial strikers from employer discipline. These decisions are not based on unique features of the NLRA. Rather, they give recognition to the background assumptions of Congress that employers may act to protect their property interests as long as they do not run afoul of NLRA or RLA protections and that employees who engage in partial-strike activities are subject to employer discipline even where not strictly necessary to maintain operations. Moreover, these tactics skew the bargaining process by giving employees an essentially risk-free gambit to pressure their economic position through planned disruption of carrier operations. Professor Estreicher is also labor and employment counsel to O’Melveny & Myers, LLP. The views expressed herein are the authors’ and should not be attributed to any organization. Hannah Breshin and Tom Jerman of O’Melveny & Myers, assisted the authors with this article. We also thank Professor Herbert Northrup for his helpful comments.     

对我国西部开发战略的几点思考

经济不发达带来的生态环境问题、资源与条件约束下的大面积贫困、教育与交通落后带来的交换能力不足、城镇化的落后,都是西部地区发展目前所面临的问题,这些问题影响着西部地区经济与社会的快速发展.     

FUZZY拟阵的闭性质

引入了Ｆｕｚｚｙ拟阵的环，平行，σ算子，闭集等概念，并讨论了它们的有关性质     

虚拟空间交织的取向原则

虚拟空间交织是人们常用的思维与认知方式之一。本文通过对交织及其原则的介绍,描述了虚拟空间交织的运作,指出虚拟空间交织构建中主观取向的原则应为最佳关联。     

基于WEB的远程教学管理软件分析与设计

本论文主要讨论了基于WEB远程教学管理软件的分析与设计。首先对远程教育与传统教育进行了比较研究,确定远程教育是现代教育发展的方向;其次对开发基于WEB远程教学管理软件进行了环境分析和需求分析;最后讨论了远程教学管理软件的实现,包括软件模块结构设计和网站的总体框架。     

我国不平等问题的体制根源及其对策

当前我国的不平等现象主要表现为身份和权利的不平等 ,以及等级制度和特权现象的延续。城乡二元经济社会结构和不同所有制之间的差序格局是造成社会不平等的基础性制度安排 ,体现计划控制原则的各种具体体制直接导致了社会成员间权利的不平等 ,某些法律法规中的不平等规定又使身份和权利不平等得以巩固和强化。解决这些不平等问题 ,需要进一步拆除计划体制的樊篱 ,建立适应现代市场经济要求的各项新体制 ,完善法律 ,使权利平等有可靠的保障。同时 ,也需要其他方面的配合。     

从不同价值领域看中国传统价值观

对不同价值领域间关系的定位与评判是反映人们价值观的一个重要维度。中国传统价值观在道德价值与非道德价值领域、家庭生活与政治生活领域、道德价值与超道德的神圣价值领域、不同文化领域之间的关系上都表现出一元论的倾向。我们应立足于领域分离、价值多元的现代背景对其进行反思 ,以构建有中国特色的价值观念体系     

Netzwerken: Reflexionen und Erfahrungen am Beispiel eines TrainerInnen und BeraterInnen-Netzwerkes

How are social networks organized and how much structure and openess do they have? The ambiguity of networking and the grade of organization are discussed and described theoretically and with an authentic example.     

论重整程序中的自动冻结制度

在重整程序中,自动冻结制度有其独特的功能。无论是自动冻结主义还是裁定冻结主义,其适用范围都必须合理界定。我国现行企业破产法和新的破产法草案尽管对自动冻结制度有所规定,但不够系统、完善,有必要从适用范围、例外与解除等方面加以完善。