Qualitative Risk Assessment of the Acquisition of Meticillin‐Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Pet Dogs

This article presents a qualitative risk assessment of the acquisition of meticillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in pet dogs, representing an important first step in the exploration of risk of bidirectional MRSA transfer between dogs and humans. A conceptual model of the seven potential pathways for MRSA acquisition in a dog in any given 24‐hour period was developed and the data available to populate that model were considered qualitatively. Humans were found to represent the most important source of MRSA for dogs in both community and veterinary hospital settings. The environment was found to be secondary to humans in terms of importance and other dogs less still. This study highlights some important methodological limitations of a technique that is heavily relied upon for qualitative risk assessments and applies a novel process, the use of relative risk ranking, to enable the generation of a defensible output using a matrix combination approach. Given the limitations of the prescribed methods as applied to the problem under consideration, further validation, or repudiation, of the findings contained herein is called for using a subsequent quantitative assessment.     

On the robustness of maximum composite likelihood estimate

Composite likelihood methods have been receiving growing interest in a number of different application areas, where the likelihood function is too cumbersome to be evaluated. In the present paper, some theoretical properties of the maximum composite likelihood estimate (MCLE) are investigated in more detail. Robustness of consistency of the MCLE is studied in a general setting, and clarified and illustrated through some simple examples. We also carry out a simulation study of the performance of the MCLE in a constructed model suggested by Arnold (2010) that is not multivariate normal, but has multivariate normal marginal distributions.     

The Poverty Deconcentration Imperative and Public Housing Transformation

Public housing has been on the chopping block for almost two decades now in an effort to deconcentrate poverty. In 1992 the federal government created the Housing Opportunities for People Everywhere (HOPE) VI program. HOPE VI is driven by the assumption that deconcentrating neighborhood‐level poverty will yield better access to upward mobility opportunities for former public housing residents. To accomplish this, existing public housing is demolished and replaced with mixed‐income developments. Public housing residents are relocated, many with Housing Choice Voucher subsidies to private‐market rental housing. However, by its very definition mixed income means that only a small percentage of former residents get the opportunity to return. Do voucher relocated residents end up in lower poverty neighborhoods with greater upward mobility opportunities? We examine the spatial organization of relocation within the critical discourse on the deconcentration imperative. We highlight Atlanta because it recently became the first city in the nation to eliminate all of its public housing. Findings reveal that voucher relocatees end up in neighborhoods with modestly less poverty than the public housing neighborhoods they left. Questions remain about what poverty deconcentration means vis‐à‐vis policy goals. We provide recommendations for future research.     

A fair division solution to the problem of redistricting

Redistricting is the political practice of dividing states into electoral districts of equal population in response to decennial census results to ensure equal representation in the legislative body. Where the boundaries are drawn can dramatically alter the number of districts a given political party can win. As a result, a political party which has control over the legislature, can (and does) manipulate the boundaries to win a larger number of districts, thus affecting the balance of power in the US House of Representatives. This work introduces a novel solution to the problem of fairly redistricting a state that is motivated by the ideas of fair division. Instead of trying to ensure fairness by restricting the shape of the possible maps or by assigning the power to draw the map to nonbiased entities, this solution ensures fairness by balancing competing interests against each other. Essentially, it is a simple interactive protocol that presents two parties with the opportunity to achieve their fair representation in a state (where the notion of fairness is rigorously defined) and as a result a balanced electoral map is created.     

Traditional Educational Philosophy: Relevance to Baccalaureate Curriculum Development

This article explores the instructional relevance of four educational philosophies—idealism, realism, experimentalism, and existentialism—to the undergraduate social work curriculum design and educational milieu. The relationship of the problem-solving focus of experimentalism to social work intervention is discussed.     

On multiple comparisons among K samples subject to unequal patterns of censorship

Two multiple comparisons procedures for determining which of K arbitrarily censored populations differ from each other are proposed. The procedures are based on multiple comparisons using the generalized Wilcoxon and log-rank statistics. The procedures incorporate a pairwise ranking scheme, rather than the joint ranking scheme proposed by Breslow (1970) and Crowley and Thomas (1975). A conservative testing method suggested by an inequality due to ?idák (1967) is given; a numerical example is presented.     

Scale estimators for symmetric stable distributions

This paper reports on a simulation comparison of scale estimators for symmetric stable distributions in terms of their ability to identify the population with the greater scale. The modified geometric mean is found to be superior to the sample standard deviation and the Fama-Roll estimator for the larger values of the characteristic exponent, while the Fama-Roll estimator is judged superior for the smaller values. Further, this study sheds some light on the question of the appropriate sample size for discriminating risk measurement in investment analysis when the samples are taken from symmetric stable distributions.     

Third order asymptotics: connections among test quantities

Saddlepoint methods, extended to distribution functions, can provide highly accurate tail probabilities for testing real parameters in exponential models. For extensions, asymptotic connections among various test quantities are needed. For five quantities, the maximum likelihood departure standardized by observed and expected information, the score function standardized by observed and expected information, and the signed square root of the likelihood ratio statistic, the needed connections to third order are recorded. Their use is illustrated by a simple integration proof of the Lugannani and Rice formula.