The Effect of Learning Experiences and Context on Infant Imitation and Generalization

Over the first years of life, infants gradually develop the ability to retrieve their memories across cue and contextual changes. Whereas maturational factors drive some of these developments in memory ability, experiences occurring within the learning event may also impact infants' ability to retrieve memories in new situations. In 2 experiments we examined whether it was possible to facilitate 12‐month‐old infants' generalization of learning in the deferred imitation paradigm by varying experiences before or during the demonstration session, or during the retention interval. In Experiment 1, altering the length, timing, or variability of training had no impact on generalization; infants showed a low, but consistent level of memory retrieval. In Experiment 2, infants who experienced a unique context for encoding and retrieval exhibited generalization; infants who experienced the context prior to the demonstration session, or during the retention interval, did not. Specificity is a robust feature of infant memory and is not substantially altered by encoding experiences in an observational learning paradigm. Previous history with a learning environment can, however, impact the flexibility of memory retrieval.     

从“宣传工作”到“宣传文化”——传播学视野中的宣传刍议

本文从宣传效果、宣传功能的角度分析我国宣传工作经历的四个阶段，指出党的十七大报告中提出的“建设社会主义核心价值体系，建设和谐文化”，“激发全民族文化创造活力，提高国家文化软实力”正将我国宣传工作引入新阶段，也是对我国宣传文化系统在国家软实力构建过程中应承担文化传播功能的全新工作要求。     

国家为未成年人生存权“买单”

青少年是未来社会的主人,今天青少年成长中打下的烙印,将直接影响到未来社会的和谐。生存权是未成年人权利中最基础的权利,生存权如果不能保障,其他的权利都是空话。成长中因生存的艰难,过早地感受人间的冷暖,直接影响其心理的成长,而这心理的积淀又无不影响着未来社会的安全、风气和人情。国家为未成年人生存权“买单”,不但对保护青少年成长中的身心健康有着极其重要的意义,也将直接促进社会长久的和谐。     

Performance measurement and classification data in DEA: Input-oriented model

This paper presents an improved efficiency measurement tool by modifying the existing data envelopment analysis methodology to permit the incorporation of expert knowledge. A previous paper examined the inclusion of such knowledge within the additive model. This information appeared in the form of a binary classification of a subset of the decision making units under study (e.g. good versus poor performers). In the current paper, we extend this logic to the input-oriented radial projection model. We demonstrate that the inclusion of this and other forms of expert judgment can improve the performance of the DEA tool in the sense that the efficiency scores are more in line with expert/management beliefs.     

Three-level main-effects designs exploiting prior information about model uncertainty

To explore the projection efficiency of a design, Tsai, et al [2000. Projective three-level main effects designs robust to model uncertainty. Biometrika 87, 467–475] introduced the Q criterion to compare three-level main-effects designs for quantitative factors that allow the consideration of interactions in addition to main effects. In this paper, we extend their method and focus on the case in which experimenters have some prior knowledge, in advance of running the experiment, about the probabilities of effects being non-negligible. A criterion which incorporates experimenters’ prior beliefs about the importance of each effect is introduced to compare orthogonal, or nearly orthogonal, main effects designs with robustness to interactions as a secondary consideration. We show that this criterion, exploiting prior information about model uncertainty, can lead to more appropriate designs reflecting experimenters’ prior beliefs.     

Predictive Bayesian Microbial Dose-Response Assessment Based on Suggested Self-Organization in Primary Illness Response: Cryptosporidium parvum

The probability of illness caused by very low doses of pathogens cannot generally be tested due to the numbers of subjects that would be needed, though such assessments of illness dose response are needed to evaluate drinking water standards. A predictive Bayesian dose-response assessment method was proposed previously to assess the unconditional probability of illness from available information and avoid the inconsistencies of confidence-based approaches. However, the method uses knowledge of the conditional dose-response form, and this form is not well established for the illness endpoint. A conditional parametric dose-response function for gastroenteric illness is proposed here based on simple numerical models of self-organized host-pathogen systems and probabilistic arguments. In the models, illnesses terminate when the host evolves by processes of natural selection to a self-organized critical value of wellness. A generalized beta-Poisson illness dose-response form emerges for the population as a whole. Use of this form is demonstrated in a predictive Bayesian dose-response assessment for cryptosporidiosis. Results suggest that a maximum allowable dose of 5.0 x 10(-7) oocysts/exposure (e.g., 2.5 x 10(-7) oocysts/L water) would correspond with the original goals of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Surface Water Treatment Rule, considering only primary illnesses resulting from Poisson-distributed pathogen counts. This estimate should be revised to account for non-Poisson distributions of Cryptosporidium parvum in drinking water and total response, considering secondary illness propagation in the population.     

关于社会主义新农村建设时空定位问题的探讨

在新农村建设时间、空间定位上的不同认知反映的是在这一问题的理论预设、价值取向、发展战略方面的重大差别.在时间定位方面,激进取向会导致政策体系的制定和供给不考虑和照顾农村地区的独特性,而倾向于以城市生产生活内容为标准,会以工业化的甚至是后工业化的观念框架和概念系统去定义和解释农村社会的现象.空间定位包括两个方面:其一,统一的中央政策如何在经济社会发展水平差距巨大、地域文化差异也十分明显的不同区域得到全面的贯彻实施;其二,社会主义新农村建设的建设单位在空间上应当定位于具体的"村庄"还是县域视野中的"农村".     

A spatiotemporal auto-regressive moving average model for solar radiation

Summary.  To investigate the variability in energy output from a network of photovoltaic cells, solar radiation was recorded at 10 sites every 10 min in the Pentland Hills to the south of Edinburgh. We identify spatiotemporal auto-regressive moving average models as the most appropriate to address this problem. Although previously considered computationally prohibitive to work with, we show that by approximating using toroidal space and fitting by matching auto-correlations, calculations can be substantially reduced. We find that a first-order spatiotemporal auto-regressive (STAR(1)) process with a first-order neighbourhood structure and a Matern noise process provide an adequate fit to the data, and we demonstrate its use in simulating realizations of energy output.     

高校合并后的资源共享问题探析

对高等院校合并后各校区（学院）之间图书馆在新的环境和新的需求下如何构建文献资源共享信息网络，加强当代大学生信息素质教育，提高图书馆员的信息服务水平三个方面进行了初步论述。