(0,1)──矩阵类U(R,S)的势

设R＝（r1，r2，…，rm），S＝（S1，S2，…，Sn）。ri，Si是非负整数，U（R，S）是所有具有行和向量R和列和向量S的（0，1）—矩阵的集合，求出|U（R，S）|的势函数的表达式是一个未决问题，本文构作了一种“移1法”。通过这种方法，借助于递归原则，得出了U（R，S）的势fm，n（R．S）的递归公式：     

沈德潜对明代复古派理论的修正

明清文学的复古派发轫于南宋的严羽,在明代得到了全面的展开,清中期的沈德潜在继承复古派理论的同时,吸收了该派在创作中的经验教训和反对者的批评,对复古派的理论进行了修正:针对明代复古派对个人性情的偏倾和清初神韵派大行诗坛的诗歌背景,重视诗歌的社会功用;针对复古派限隔时代、截断源流的文学史观,提出沿流讨源的主张;修正严羽的“别材”“别趣”说,给诗歌创作中学养、见识以充分的重视,提出“以虚运实”,“议论须带情韵以行”的观点;拨正明代复古派对杜甫的七言歌行、七言律诗的只及一点不及全面的批评。     

略述清律的诸种同罪异罚及制订原则

“同罪异罚”刑法的适用对象以五服宗亲为主,兼及姻亲,然而大大超出这个范围,将具有拟制血亲关系、夫妻关系、师徒关系、主仆关系,以及具有两造关系的平民、官民都涵盖在内,成为清代,也是古代刑法的一大特色。同罪异罚的刑法量刑,固然是对具有同样罪行的两造,为尊长减刑,给卑幼加刑,事情尚不止此,如将那种量刑同凡斗的判刑作一比较,乃知加刑者重于凡斗,减刑者轻于凡斗,更表明这种原则和法律条文的确定,是为着维护宗族制度,尤其是宗族尊长制。同罪异罚是“准五服以制罪”法律原则的落实,是亲人之间服制不对等的产物,然而为何服制不对等?为何准五服以制罪?意识形态的理解,在于贯彻以孝道为核心的宗族伦理和以忠君之道为核心的等级名分观念,是宗法制和等级制、孝道和忠道伦理结合的产物,是“慎重伦常”,用以教忠教孝,实现“明刑弼教”,或者用康熙帝《圣谕十六条》的话说,是“讲法律以儆愚顽”。     

Convergent estimators for the l1-median of banach valued random variable

Let E be a separable Banach space, which is the dual of a Banach space F. If X is an E-valued random variable, the set of L₁-medians of X is ArgminE[(d)]. Assume that this set contains only one element. From any sequence of probability measures {(d) 1} on E, which converges in law to X, we give two approximating sequences of the L₁-median, for the weak* topology induced by F.     

考虑跨期变动趋势的改进熵权法研究

权重确定是多指标综合评价过程中的关键环节。文章针对主观赋权法中专家对指标重要性判断的随意性及常规客观赋权法的片面性,提出考虑跨期变动趋势的改进熵值赋权方法。该方法考虑了时间因素,从指标数据跨时期的变动趋势中挖掘指标的相对重要性信息,并基于熵理论确定指标的重要程度之比,分层次规划求解各指标权重。最后结合我国新型城镇化水平评价案例,验证了该方法的合理性和有效性。     

On the bayes risk incurred by using asymptotic shapes

Let X₁ X₂…denote Independent and Identically distributed random vectors whose common distributions form a multiparameter exponential family, and consider the problem of sequentially testing separated hypotheses. It is known that the sequential procedure which continues sampling until the likelihood ratio statistic for testing one of the hypotheses exceeds a given level approximates the optimal Bayesian procedure, under general conditions on the loss function and prior distribution. Here we ask whether the approximate procedure is Bayes risk efficient--that is, whether the ratio of the Bayes risk of the approximate procedure to the Bayes risk of the optimal procedure approaches one as the cost of samping approaches zero. We show that the answer depends on the choice of certain parameters in the approximation and the dimensions of the hypotheses.     

Does gold act as a safe haven against exchange rate fluctuations? The case of Pakistan rupee

Investors often look for a refuge to avoid undesirable exposures to risk during period of extreme downturns in currency returns. We investigate daily gold and rupee exchange rates depreciation against set of currencies over the period of 1992–2015. Using wavelets at multiple time horizons; we find that gold act as a consistent short run hedge against exchange rate hence validating the exchange rate destruction hypothesis. This finding is helpful for speculators in their decision making while taking long and short positions accordingly. This finding suggests that central bank also need to keep other safe haven assets in reserves because the hedging ability of gold is only limited to short run. Further, the role of gold in providing protection against currency risks is also confirmed using quantile regression. These results assist portfolio managers and governments in formulating effectual diversification strategy for preserving investment portfolio during extreme event condition. Our results also suggest that gold has a lead relationship with exchange rate; however, this relationship switches over specific time intervals. This finding is of major concern for policy makers in determining the extent of stabilization in gold prices to bring consistency to exchange rate. Finally, the Granger coherence coefficients confirm that the strength of the causal relationship varies across over all frequencies. These conclusions have important implications for policy makers, economic analysts, portfolio managers and institutional investors.     

欲望世界中的“他者”——1990年代留美文学中的美国人形象

1990年代的留美作品所刻画的美国人,是华族＂我＂眼中物欲世界中的＂他者＂。这种＂他者＂形象主要表现在这样三个方面：肯定的＂绅士＂形象对否定的＂他者＂让位;物质利益的追逐者;并非理想的＂情人＂。     

计数公式与时钟夹角公式在中学解题中的应用

本文应用计数公式n(n-1)/2和时钟夹角公式|m×30°-5.5°n|解决了两个元素确定一个图形或组合(握手、比赛等)的计数问题和与时针和分针夹角的相关数学问题。     

Risk of Illness with Salmonella due to Consumption of Raw Unwashed Vegetables Irrigated with Water from the Bogotá River

The Bogotá River receives untreated wastewater from the city of Bogotá and many other towns. Downstream from Bogotá, water from the river is used for irrigation of crops. Concentrations of indicator organisms in the river are high, which is consistent with fecal contamination. To investigate the probability of illness due to exposure to enteric pathogens from the river, specifically Salmonella, we took water samples from the Bogotá River at six sampling locations in an area where untreated water from the river is used for irrigation of lettuce, broccoli, and cabbage. Salmonella concentrations were quantified by direct isolation and qPCR. Concentrations differed, depending on the quantification technique used, ranging between 10^7.7 and 10^9.9 number of copies of gene invA per L and 10^5.3 and 10^8.4 CFU/L, for qPCR and direct isolation, respectively. A quantitative microbial risk assessment model that estimates the daily risk of illness with Salmonella resulting from consuming raw unwashed vegetables irrigated with water from the Bogotá River was constructed using the Salmonella concentration data. The daily probability of illness from eating raw unwashed vegetables ranged between 0.62 and 0.85, 0.64 and 0.86, and 0.64 and 0.85 based on concentrations estimated by qPCR (0.47–0.85, 0.47–0.86, and 0.41–0.85 based on concentrations estimated by direct isolation) for lettuce, cabbage, and broccoli, respectively, which are all above the commonly propounded benchmark of 10^?4 per year. Results obtained in this study highlight the necessity for appropriate wastewater treatment in the region, and emphasize the importance of postharvest practices, such as washing, disinfecting, and cooking.