Reinvigorating the social contract and strengthening social cohesion: Social protection responses to COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the vulnerability of those who are inadequately covered by social protection in more and less developed countries alike, and has exacerbated the fragility of a social contract that was already under strain in many countries. A weak social contract in the context of an exceptional crisis poses a very real risk to social cohesion. Nevertheless, many States have reasserted themselves as the guarantor of rights by protecting public health and incomes. By sustaining these measures, economic recovery will be supported which will help minimize risks that may weaken social cohesion. However, this is a fast-moving, inherently unstable and protracted crisis. Social protection stands at a critical juncture. Decisive policy action will be required to strengthen social protection systems, including floors, as one of the cornerstones of a reinvigorated social contract.     

Ségrégation professionnelle selon la durée du travail en Europe

L'auteur évalue la ségrégation professionnelle selon la durée du travail dans quinze pays européens, à partir de données de l'Enquěte européenne sur les forces de travail. Il recherche les déterminants de cette ségrégation par une analyse de régression reposant sur trois groupes d'indicateurs (quantité d'emploi, qualité de l'emploi et institutions). De façon générale, la ségrégation observée est plus forte chez les hommes que chez les femmes, et chez les jeunes que chez les adultes. Elle est plutôt corrélée avec la quantité d'emploi chez les hommes, alors que des variables des trois groupes d'indicateurs interviennent chez les jeunes et les femmes adultes.     

Nonparametric control charts based on runs and Wilcoxon-type rank-sum statistics

In this article, we introduce three new distribution-free Shewhart-type control charts that exploit run and Wilcoxon-type rank-sum statistics to detect possible shifts of a monitored process. Exact formulae for the alarm rate, the run length distribution, and the average run length (ARL) are all derived. A key advantage of these charts is that, due to their nonparametric nature, the false alarm rate (FAR) and in-control run length distribution is the same for all continuous process distributions. Tables are provided for the implementation of the charts for some typical FAR values. Furthermore, a numerical study carried out reveals that the new charts are quite flexible and efficient in detecting shifts to Lehmann-type out-of-control situations.     

The Transport System and Society’s Metabolism in the UK

This paper analyses the interrelation between the transport system and measures of resource consumption such as material and energy consumption over a 60-year period (1937013;1997) in the UK. Non-motorized transport and time consumption for mobility are estimated in addition to conventional measures of transport. During the period analyzed, the UK population grew by 20% while transport of goods and persons increased more than threefold and material and energy consumption almost doubled. The transport intensity of domestic material input (DMI) doubled to 300 ton-kilometers (tkm) per ton of DMI while the transport intensity of domestic energy consumption (DEC) doubled to 20 tkm per gigajoule (GJ) of DEC. Thus, while the material and energy intensity of GDP declined significantly, a well-established trend in many advanced countries, the transport intensity of materials and energy consumption rose. These findings suggest a close link between transport, economic development, and long-term structural transformations. In the case of personal transport, a 0.gif" alt="ldquo" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">rebound effect0"> was also observed: whereas the average speed of transport has greatly increased, the average number of hours per day devoted to personal transport has not declined.     

模糊取式推理的R0方法

用R0蕴涵算子描述了模糊命题“若A则B”,并通过一个例子给出了运用模糊取式推理的R0方法进行推理的具体操作过程．结果表明,运用该模糊推理得到的结论是与人们的思想相吻合的．     

Convexity-based clustering criteria: theory,algorithms, and applications in statistics

This paper deals with the construction of optimum partitions 0260_2003_Article_69_TeX2GIFEqu1.gif" alt="${\cal B} = (B_1,...,B_m)$" align="middle" border="0"> of 0260_2003_Article_69_TeX2GIFEqu2.gif" alt="$I\hspace{-4.0pt}R^p$" align="middle" border="0"> for a clustering criterion which is based on a convex function of the class centroids 0260_2003_Article_69_TeX2GIFEqu3.gif" alt="$E[X\vert X\in B_i]$" align="middle" border="0"> as a generalization of the classical SSQ clustering criterion for n data points. We formulate a dual optimality problem involving two sets of variables and derive a maximum-support-plane (MSP) algorithm for constructing a (sub-)optimum partition as a generalized k-means algorithm. We present various modifications of the basic criterion and describe the corresponding MSP algorithm. It is shown that the method can also be used for solving optimality problems in classical statistics (maximizing Csiszár0">s 0260_2003_Article_69_TeX2GIFEqu4.gif" alt="$\phi$" align="middle" border="0"> -divergence) and for simultaneous classification of the rows and columns of a contingency table.     

The Impact of the Therapist's Curiosity on the Treatment Process of Children and Adolescents

Therapists bring their own initiative, interest, and wonder014;their 021262p3k0t317/xxlarge8220.gif" alt="ldquo" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">professional curiosity021262p3k0t317/xxlarge8221.gif" alt="rdquo" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">014;into treatment sessions. Some children and adolescents pull away in reaction to this curiosity, bristling or withdrawing, if only for a moment. This can happen abruptly, even in response to the first 021262p3k0t317/xxlarge8220.gif" alt="ldquo" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">hello,021262p3k0t317/xxlarge8221.gif" alt="rdquo" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"> but most often it occurs subtly, over the course of treatment. These children and adolescents may be replaying the ruptures in relationships they experienced when they have expressed their own initiative and curiosity to important others in their lives. Therapists need to utilize opportunities to understand the dynamics, explore where the original ruptures may have occurred, and bring the experience into therapeutic focus. Case vignettes illustrate these dynamics.     

利用和声分散搜索算法解决动态共乘的乘客选择研究

动态共乘作为一种配合解决城市交通出行难题的新模式近年来引起了人们越来越多的关注，然而在较大范围内选择合适的乘客，以便获得最佳的综合服务效果却具有相当大的挑战性。本文正是针对这一问题，建立了以乘客效用最大化和司机总行程最短为目标函数，以满足司机与乘客的时间要求和司机参与约束为限制条件的多目标0-1规划共乘模型，用于帮助司机选择最合适的乘客。根据该模型的特点，构造了加入了分散搜索机制的新的和声搜索算法。在仿真实验时，针对司机和乘客效用的两种产生方式，在较大规模的路网环境下利用该算法分别对模型进行了求解，得到了Pareto最优解集。仿真结果不仅表明了模型的合理性和算法的可行性，而且还指出基于效用函数可以发现更多合适的潜在乘客。最后，通过与文献中其它算法的对比进一步展示了本文算法的有效性。     

第四代移动通信（4G）的技术分析与发展前景

文章介绍了第四代移动通信的概念,主要应用的技术以及4G的发展前景.