14—16世纪英国乡村商品经济的发展

英国１４—１６世纪的农业生产力有了很大提高,庄园经济随着农奴制的解体而衰落。农产品商品化程度逐步提高,农村手工业品市场不断扩大,农村雇佣劳动者也日益增多。因此,乡村中的商品经济逐渐成长。正是在此基础之上,英国的封建经济结构才得以在乡村顺利地实现了转变,由此推动英国社会不断向前发展,并为日后的资产阶级革命、工业革命准备了坚实的经济和社会基础。     

MBO本土化的效用与风险浅析

在旧有的计划经济体制下,国有企业所有者缺位、委托代理成本极高.引入股权激励机制对规范我国国企的治理结构、充分调动经营者的积极性、改变激励机制现状等方面有着重要意义.近年来,我国企业学习外国企业实施管理层收购的成功经验及教训,努力在实践中探索符合中国实际并行之有效的管理层股权激励机制,管理层收购成为了我国政府和企业共同关心的问题.笔者简述了我国MB0进程及现状,并探讨了其中存在的问题.     

非政府组织与国际政治关系略论

在当今全球化时代,NGO在国际政治舞台上日益活跃,这不仅与日趋发展的政治、经济和文化的全球化进程相辅相成,而且也是同国际政治中非理性因素不断泛滥是密切相关的。然而,国际NGO虽在国际社会的诸多领域发挥着积极的重要作用,但是囿于自身的局限性,其观念和行动都可能具有工具性和两面性,成为西方国家政府推行外交政策和和政治战略的喉舌和工具。     

Finding nucleolus of flow game

We study the algorithmic issues of finding the nucleolus of a flow game. The flow game is a cooperative game defined on a network D=(V,E;ω). The player set is E and the value of a coalition S⊆E is defined as the value of a maximum flow from source to sink in the subnetwork induced by S. We show that the nucleolus of the flow game defined on a simple network (ω(e)=1 for each e∈E) can be computed in polynomial time by a linear program duality approach, settling a twenty-three years old conjecture by Kalai and Zemel. In contrast, we prove that both the computation and the recognition of the nucleolus are 017530/10878_2008_9138_Article_IEq1.gif" alt="$\mathcal{NP}$" align="middle" border="0"> -hard for flow games with general capacity. Supported by NCET, NSFC (10771200), a CERG grant (CityU 1136/04E) of Hong Kong RGC, an SRG grant (7001838) of City University of Hong Kong.     

关于半直线上概率测度者积半群结构的几个结果

以直线上概率测度卷积半群的有关性质为基础，证明了半直线Ｒ＋上的概率测度卷积半群（，＊）的弱素元全体在（．＊）中稠密及Ｉ０元全体在（，＊）的无穷可分元全体中稠密．这些结果对广义卷积代数（，＊）的半群结构的研究具有重要意义．     

一类平面二次系统的（0,1）分布

本文讨论二次系统的极限环的（0，1）分布问题．本文的主要结果是当系统（1）满足定理的条件时，那末它的权限环是（0，1）分布的．     

Counseling models and their impact on how therapists handle values issues

Counseling is not a value free enterprise. Therapeutic models are value laden. Counselors and clients are both emotionally invested in 072307w/xxlarge8220.gif" alt="ldquo" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">right living072307w/xxlarge8221.gif" alt="rdquo" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"> issues. Since no therapy is value free, clients face the dilemma of finding a therapist with values similar to their own or having their values challenged. Therapists face the ethical issue of clarifying their own values and determining how to make them known.     

Calculation of marginal densities for parameters of multinomial distributions

The full Bayesian analysis of multinomial data using informative and flexible prior distributions has, in the past, been restricted by the technical problems involved in performing the numerical integrations required to obtain marginal densities for parameters and other functions thereof. In this paper it is shown that Gibbs sampling is suitable for obtaining accurate approximations to marginal densities for a large and flexible family of posterior distributions014;the 0"> family. The method is illustrated with a three-way contingency table. Two alternative Monte Carlo strategies are also discussed.