Negative reciprocity and its relation to anger-like emotions in identity-homogeneous and -heterogeneous groups

Several studies have shown that social identity fosters the provision of public goods and enhances the willingness to reciprocate the cooperative behavior of group members. Nonetheless, the question of how social identity affects negative reciprocity in identity-homogeneous and -heterogeneous groups has only received little attention. Consequently, we seek to fill this gap by examining whether social identity affects individuals’ willingness to sanction deviating group members in a public good context. Moreover, we devote particular attention to the role of anger-like emotions in negative reciprocity. To test our hypotheses, we employ one-shot public good games in a strategy method with punishment opportunity and induced social identity. Our results indicate that members of identity-homogeneous groups are prone to reveal less negative reciprocity than identity-heterogeneous groups when they face contributions smaller than their own. We also find that anger-like emotions much more strongly influence punishment behavior when individuals are matched with members of different identities than in identity-homogenous groups. These findings contribute to an increased understanding of the nature of social identity and its impact on reciprocity, improving economists’ ability to predict behavior while taking emotions into consideration.     

范成大《四时田园杂兴》四题

〕文章试图从创作的缘起和性质，对传统的超越和延续，以及情与景之间的关系等几方面对范成大《四时田园杂兴》诗作较全面的分析，以期对这组诗的内容、题材、情感，语言、结构、主客关系和它们在中国田园诗中的位置有较整体的认识，从而对范成大田园诗风格上清新、婉丽、灵巧、温润、秀雅、精严兼美有较为立体的分析。     

'Being there': multidimensionality, reflexivity and the study of emotional lives

Emotional lives tend to be untidy. Yet despite a growing recognition of this, sociological research designs rarely mirror the multidimensionality they are striving to represent. This article takes as its starting point a recent study of beliefs and practices about emotional support and emotions talk in Britain, to illustrate how a methodologically mixed approach offers particular purchase on what passes between us in our everyday emotional lives and in research about these lives. The notion of 'being there' is drawn on to help make this argument. Moving between 'being there' as topic, a form of emotional support, and 'being there' as a methodological resource, the article concludes that the analytical claims we make about our emotional lives are strengthened through a methodologically mixed - and by necessity, reflexive - approach which explores, rather than smooths out, the ragged, sometimes indeterminate, edges between methods.     

Investment, resolution of risk, and the role of affect

This experimental study is concerned with the impact of the timing of the resolution of risk on investment behavior, with a special focus on the role of affect. In a between-subjects design, we observe the impact of a substantial delay of risk resolution (2 days) on investment choices. Besides the resolution timing all other factors, including the timing of payout, are held constant across treatments. In addition, state-of-the-art experimental techniques from experimental economics and psychology are used for eliciting preferences and to explicitly measure emotions and personality traits. Participants put their own money at stake. Our main finding is that the timing of the resolution of risk matters for investment, modulated by the probability of investment success. Emotions are found to play a significant role in this respect and explain our main finding. Our results support recent models of decision making under risk trying to incorporate anticipatory emotions but also uncover some important shortcomings related to the dynamics of emotions.     

中国现代歌谣研究的分类问题探讨

歌谣分类一直是现代歌谣研究中悬而未决的问题。早在现代歌谣学诞生之初,学术界就引发了关于歌谣分类问题的讨论。以周作人、顾颉刚、邵纯熙为主的“六分法”、“歌者分类法”和“七情”分类法代表了当时的三种分类理念。他们的分类方法为当时歌谣研究带来便利,但同时也引起颇多争议。这些争议促使人们从更客观的角度认识歌谣分类问题,也为后世歌谣分类体系的建构提供参考依据。     

‘Anger is Why We're All Here’: Mobilizing and Managing Emotions in a Professional Activist Organization

The emotions involved in social activism are central factors in the recruitment to, motivation for, and sustainability of social movements. But this perspective on the role of emotions within social movements contrasts with studies of emotions within mainstream organizations where employees are called on to manage their own emotions and those of others. Thus, while much social movement research focuses on how activists actively cultivate emotional expression, these ideas rarely intersect with the organizational research that examines how a diminished quality of working life may result from the need for employees to modify, suppress or emphasize emotions. Using in-depth interviews with activists at Amnesty International, this article bridges this theoretical divide by examining emotional labour and emotional regulation among paid activists in a professional social movement organization. I explore the ways in which employees struggle with the emotional component of their work and the implications of these emotions for the quality of their working life, the stability of such organizations and the maintenance of social movements.     

The Manipulation: Socio-economic decision making

We analyze one-shot Prisoner’s Dilemma decisions made by participants of the high-stakes TV game show The Manipulation, and document the influence of social life factors on economic decisions, alongside the participants’ rational considerations. In particular, we employ a social psychology approach to provide a new perspective on the determinants of financial assistance. Our insights from the TV game are corroborated by a controlled laboratory experiment. We find that helping and sharing behavior in strategic situations is explained by Attribution Theory (AT) and beliefs about expected cooperativeness. Specifically, participants’ decisions are influenced by perceived controllability of opponents’ conditions (an attributional characteristic influencing perception of responsibility and related emotions) and social-relations-based beliefs regarding the opponents’ expected cooperativeness.     

散文“真情实感”之辨析

"真情实感"是林非先生于上世纪八十年代提出的散文范畴,它一度被视为散文创作的基石。然而近年来,这一散文的核心范畴却遭到了孙绍振先生的猛烈攻击。本文以历史的眼光,对"真情实感"的内涵和发展演变进行了细致的梳理与分析,并进而区分了"散文情感"、"诗的情感"与"小说情感"的不同。在此基础上,文章还从日常情感与审美情感、表现情感与显露情感、"大感情"与"小感情"三个方面,对如何提高新世纪散文的感情质量提出了自己的看法。