高校学生伤害事故归责原则探析

伴随我国高等教育事业快速发展,高校学生数量大幅增加,与之相伴而生的现象是高校学生伤害事故数量与日俱增,使高校学生伤害事故纠纷处理成为社会关注的一大热点。确定高校与学生之间的法律关系及高校承担事故责任的构成要件,是明确高校学生伤害事故归责原则的关键。不应反对过错责任原则,同时更应强调适用过错推定原则,以实现学生伤害事故举证责任分配,保护高校与学生双方的合法利益。     

转型期社会工具理性与价值理性的冲突——关于煤矿安全事故的社会学思考

本文从工具理性与价值理性冲突的角度对近年来频繁发生的煤矿安全事故成因进行了社会学思考,并从理论和实践两个方面对如何使理性的两个维度相互补足问题提出了自己的想法和建议.     

去工业化过程中的我国城市新贫困群体与社会排斥

全球化背景下,中国出现了去工业化现象。在去工业化的宏观背景下,我国城市发展过程中出现了一些新贫困群体。这些新贫困群体有着与旧贫困不同的特征。文章描述了我国城市新贫困群体的现状特征,并从社会政策的视角,分析了去工业化过程中我国城市新贫困群体致贫并遭受社会排斥的原因机制,认为非典型就业、低度就业、有业贫穷、自雇贫穷以及二元劳动力市场等都是导致我国城市新贫困群体遭受社会排斥的重要表征和作用因素。     

转型时期我国安全事故和突发事件曝光的社会效应分析

当前,我国安全事故、突发事件频发的情况比较突出,媒体的关注度也日益升温.安全事故、突发事件本身具有特殊性,安全事故、突发事件曝光自有其社会背景与原因,也产生一定的社会效应.从正面讲,能够有利于及时快速处理事故和灾后重建,遏制事态的扩展;有利于强化政府决策和行政的科学性有效性;有利于政府官员"问责制"的推进,强化领导者的责任意识;也有利于普通公众的安全意识的提升和社会抗逆力量的增强等等.从消极方面讲,曝光会在公众中产生"放大镜"效应和麻木感,或造成社会恐慌,或由于曝光失实导致社会混乱等.因此,需要对媒体在安全事故、突发事件报道方面进行规范性建设.     

论交通事故豪车险

普通车车主与豪车车主在法律上具有平等的主体地位,承担相同的责任与义务,但是在普通车辆撞上豪车
后,赔偿结果却不符合人们的正义观。在交通事故发生时,有效平衡普通车车主和豪车车主的权利义务显得至关重
要,但是目前的法律体系及相应的保险制度还无法解决交通事故中存在的普通车辆需要承担巨额赔偿的不合理现象。
本文认为,通过设置豪车险,可以缓解目前普通车辆与豪车发生交通事故时存在的矛盾冲突,实现实质正义、路权平
等、保护弱势等目的。在交通事故中, 豪车险的赔偿范围主要适用于普通车辆造成豪车财产损害的情形。同时,为了
与豪车险的设置相配套,应对现行保险制度进行改革,明确保险公司的最高赔偿额以及豪车险的最低强制投保额。     

Uncertainties in Nuclear Probabilistic Risk Analyses

There are many uncertainties in a probabilistic risk analysis (PRA). We identify the different types of uncertainties and describe their implications. We then summarize the uncertainty analyses which have performed in current PRAs and characterize results which have been obtained. We draw conclusions regarding interpretations of uncertainties, areas having largest uncertainties, and needs which exist in uncertainty analysis. We finally characterize the robustness of various utilizations of PRA results.     

Major Chemical Accidents in Industrializing Countries: The Socio-Political Amplification of Risk

Accidents in the chemical industry, such as those that took place in Seveso (1976) and Bhopal (1984), may kill or injure thousands of people, cause serious health hazards and irreversible environmental damage. The aim of this paper is to examine the ever-increasing risk of similar accidents becoming a frequent ocurrence in the so-called industrializing countries. Using figures from some of the worst chemical accidents in the last decades, data on the Bhopal disaster, and Brazil's social and institutional characteristics, we put forward the hypothesis that present social, political and economic structures in industrializing countries make these countries much more vulnerable to such accidents and create the type of setting where–if and when these accidents occur–they will have even more catastrophic consequences. The authors argue that only the transformation of local structures, and stronger technical cooperation between international organizations, industrialized and industrializing countries could reduce this vulnerability.     

Variability of Site-Reactor Risk

Reactor accident consequence models have been developed (for example, the CRAC model of the Reactor Safety Study (RSS), WASH-1400) to predict the offsite health and economic consequences of severe accidents at a reactor site with generic demographic and meteorological characteristics. Application of a revised RSS accident consequence model, CRAC2, to 91 existing sites results in a band of risk curves around the earlier WASH-1400 average reactor/site predictions. This paper examines these calculations and important model assumptions such as population distribution, emergency response, and meteorological data with respect to their effects on site risk extremes—that is, the combination of high consequence/low probability events.     

Sensitivity and Uncertainty Studies of the CRAC2 Computer Code

We have studied the sensitivity of health impacts from nuclear reactor accidents, as predicted by the CRAC2 computer code, to the following sources of uncertainty: (1) the model for plume rise, (2) the model for wet deposition, (3) the meteorological bin-sampling procedure for selecting weather sequences with rain, (4) the dose conversion factors for inhalation as affected by uncertainties in the particle size of the carrier aerosol and the clearance rates of radionuclides from the respiratory tract, (5) the weathering half-time for external ground-surface exposure, and (6) the transfer coefficients for terrestrial foodchain pathways. Predicted health impacts usually showed little sensitivity to use of an alternative plume-rise model or a modified rain-bin structure in bin-sampling. Health impacts often were quite sensitive to use of an alternative wet-deposition model in single-trial runs with rain during plume passage, but were less sensitive to the model in bin-sampling runs. Uncertainties in the inhalation dose conversion factors had important effects on early injuries in single-trial runs. Latent cancer fatalities were moderately sensitive to uncertainties in the weathering half-time for ground-surface exposure, but showed little sensitivity to the transfer coefficients for terrestrial foodchain pathways. Sensitivities of CRAC2 predictions to uncertainties in the models and parameters also depended on the magnitude of the source term, and some of the effects on early health effects were comparable to those that were due only to selection of different sets of weather sequences in bin-sampling.     

Guidelines for Facilitating Parental Prevention Discussions about the Choking Game

The Choking Game (TCG), practiced by adolescents, involves forced asphyxiation to obtain a ‘high’, occasionally causing seizures or death. Few parents report discussing TCG with their child despite their critical role in injury‐prevention. This paper examined parental knowledge of TCG and perceptions of TCG‐related discussions with their child. From parent responses, eight thematic elements were identified: Risks; Awareness; Peer Context; External Resources; Basic Information; Prevention Strategy; Participation; and Told Not To. We propose a guide for parents planning a TCG prevention discussion is offered based on naturally occurring parental conversations.