广东各地区城镇居民的边际消费倾向差异

运用多阶模型方法研究了广东省18个国家调查样本市（县、区）的1600户城镇居民家庭消费的截面数据。研究结果表明,不同城市之间居民边际消费倾向存在显著差异,且消费倾向与地区人均可支配收入之间存在倒“u”型关系,这说明缩小地区间的收入差距能扩大广东消费总需求,带动经济增长,促进区域经济协调发展。     

Consumption and population age structure

In this paper, the effects on aggregate consumption of changes in the age distribution of the population are analysed empirically. Economic theories predict that age influences individuals’ saving and consumption behaviour. Despite this, age structure effects are rarely controlled for in empirical consumption functions. Our findings suggest that they should. By analysing Norwegian quarterly time series data, we find that changes in the age distribution of the population have significant and life-cycle-consistent effects on aggregate consumption. Furthermore, controlling for age structure effects stabilises the other parameters of the consumption function and reveals significant real interest rate effects.      

区域性偏好与城乡居民消费差异

 本文利用2007年省域消费数据对城乡居民的消费偏好进行分析,结果表明省域、城乡居民各类消费存在着显著的差异和变化,城乡居民对各类商品消费具有明显的区域性偏好。城镇居民对食品、衣着、居住、医疗保健、交通和通信、文教娱乐消费存在省域间显著的相互影响,农村居民对食品、衣着、家庭设备用品及服务、医疗保健、交通和通信、文教娱乐的消费在省域间也具有明显的相互影响。同时,一些省份还形成局部的对分类商品消费具有区域性偏好的群体。     

现代消费的时尚元素与社会认同建构

时尚并不是一种个体的自由选择行为,虽然它可以构建个体独特的身份认同。本质上它是全社会的共同行动,是一种潮流,它也可以仅仅在某一阶层、群体或区域内普遍流行。总之,作为现代消费的一个独特元素,时尚具有构建社会认同的功能。     

中国区域消费差异的二维研究

本文通过对全国各地1120名消费者的实证分析发现,中国各地区在“接受外部文化”和“敢于花钱”两个消费文化价值维度上存在着地区差异。研究还发现,中国消费者可分为四种消费形态:保守型、前卫型、理财型、乐天型,通过统计分析找到了四种消费形态在中国各地区的分布情况。文章最后还讨论了本研究结论对企业营销实践的启示。     

日本电力工业发展中政府的作用——电力统制体制前史研究

电力事业在近代日本社会的推进及其所带来的电力使用普及,被视为日本近代史上的第一次能源革命。与同时期展开的产业革命一样,电力事业是在中央政府指导和监督下推进的,同时受到国家战略政策的影响和限制。国家对电力事业的参与乃至介入,不仅出现在"战时统制经济"时期,而是贯穿于整个电力事业发展的始终。通过对电力开发和电力市场形成过程的考察,可以看出在20世纪30年代以前日本电力事业发展的"自由竞争时代",中央政府虽未对民营电力和电力消费展开全面管制,但由于"强兵政策"与对外扩张政策的实施,仍然对电力事业的展开方式、电力消费市场的形成和走向起到了决定性作用。与此同时,在"电力统制"的构想下,政府不断强化电力行政,这也为此后战时"总体战体制"下的电力统制奠定了基础。     

Consumption of Fish and Shrimp from Southeast Louisiana Poses No Unacceptable Lifetime Cancer Risks Attributable to High‐Priority Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Following oil spills such as the Deepwater Horizon accident (DWH), contamination of seafood resources and possible increased health risks attributable to consumption of seafood in spill areas are major concerns. In this study, locally harvested finfish and shrimp were collected from research participants in southeast Louisiana and analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs are some of the most important chemicals of concern regarding oil‐spill‐contaminated seafood resources during and following oil spills. Some PAHs are considered carcinogens for risk assessment purposes, and currently, seven of these can be combined in lifetime cancer risk assessments using EPA approaches. Most PAHs were not detected in these samples (minimum detection limits ranged from 1.2 to 2.1 PPB) and of those that were detected, they were generally below 10 PPB. The pattern of detected PAHs suggested that the source of these chemicals in these seafood samples was not a result of direct contact with crude oil. Lifetime cancer risks were assessed using conservative assumptions and models in a probabilistic framework for the seven carcinogenic PAHs. Lifetime health risks modeled using this framework did not exceed a 1/10,000 cancer risk threshold. Conservative, health‐protective deterministic estimates of the levels of concern for PAH chemical concentration and seafood intake rates were above the concentrations and intake rates modeled under this probabilistic framework. Taken together, consumption of finfish and shrimp harvested from southeast Louisiana following the DWH does not pose unacceptable lifetime cancer risks from these seven carcinogenic PAHs even for the heaviest possible consumers.     

文化视野中的消费分析

消费从来就是“文化”的。文化规制及其意义渗入不仅对消费行为实现了全面性的覆盖,而且为消费行为划分了等级层次。给各种进入使用或消费的物品赋予文化产品的意义,就使文化产品得到了外延的扩展或泛化,消费在不同社会的历史差异性中,呈现为一个由文化赋予、规制并追随其意义变换而变化的动态结构。关注消费中文化意义的赋予与变化,充分挖掘产品内在的文化要素,可以为现存市场体系中的边缘者或新入者提供更多更大的机会,为改变他们在现实经济体系中的参与条件、参与方式和参与地位提供可能。     

西藏农牧区的茶叶消费:一种身心生态的微观视角

茶叶是西藏日常生活的重要元素,近年来,西藏农牧区茶叶消费呈现明显变化。在茶叶消费中,茶的药用功能和氟摄入量的威胁值得高度关注。茶馆是农牧区茶叶消费的一面镜子,反映出牧区消费的结构性变化。从身心生态的视角解读农牧区茶叶消费的变化可以建构起"疾病-健康"的分析框架,在该框架中,农牧区饮食文化的变迁应被高度关注。     

Risk Sharing in Private Information Models With Asset Accumulation: Explaining the Excess Smoothness of Consumption

We study testable implications for the dynamics of consumption and income of models in which first‐best allocations are not achieved because of a moral hazard problem with hidden saving. We show that in this environment, agents typically achieve more insurance than that obtained under self‐insurance with a single asset. Consumption allocations exhibit “excess smoothness,” as found and defined by Campbell and Deaton (1989). We argue that excess smoothness, in this context, is equivalent to a violation of the intertemporal budget constraint considered in a Bewley economy (with a single asset). We also show parameterizations of our model in which we can obtain a closed‐form solution for the efficient insurance contract and where the excess smoothness parameter has a structural interpretation in terms of the severity of the moral hazard problem. We present tests of excess smoothness, applied to U.K. microdata and constructed using techniques proposed by Hansen, Roberds, and Sargent (1991) to test the intertemporal budget constraint. Our theoretical model leads us to interpret them as tests of the market structure faced by economic agents. We also construct a test based on the dynamics of the cross‐sectional variances of consumption and income that is, in a precise sense, complementary to that based on Hansen, Roberds, and Sargent (1991) and that allows us to estimate the same structural parameter. The results we report are consistent with the implications of the model and are internally coherent.