Invoking Cleopatra to examine the shifting ground of leadership

This essay argues that the understanding of leadership is not independent of the power relations within a given cultural context. These shape how ‘leadership’ comes to be ‘known’ — defined and identified. Drawing from cultural studies, it examines the interacting dynamics of power, difference and context in shaping our knowledge of leadership. So whereas we currently identify leadership in Cleopatra, this is due to shifts in the contemporary ground of knowledge that constitutes ‘leadership’. Specifically, the essay focuses on manifestations of gendered power that elicited changes in her appraisals. The analysis examines historical writing (Plutarch), literature (Shakespeare), art (Egyptian Revival) and film (Hollywood) to illustrate gendered paradoxes — criteria that had traditionally defined ‘leaders’ from ‘followers’, but which have become ambiguous. These include queen–lover (embodiment), public–domestic (sphere of work and influence), sage–child (intellect), white–black (racialized identity) and Rome–Egypt (international leadership). In closing, the essay reflects on the implications for leadership studies.     

基于网络环境的信息服务模式及其现实

基于网络环境下的服务模式是一种信息集成服务、面向内容的信息服务、个性化信息服务,正确处理这三种信息服务模式中的知识产权与经济学问题、改善信息系统人机界面、应用网络计量学是实现这些信息服务模式的主要途径。     

试论语言变异与翻译

社会语言学研究的是语言的社会属性,语言变异是社会语言学的重要内容,也是文学作品中的常见现象.语言变异的复杂性增加了翻译的难度,面对变异译者必须做出恰当的选择.本文拟从社会语言学的角度,介入语境理论,从语音变异、词汇变异、句法变异和语体变异四个层次对语言变异的翻译进行探讨,并认为对变异的语言进行翻译时译者应从多维的、动态的语境角度去把握.     

《红楼梦》人物对话言外之意分析

小说中人物对话是现实话语的模拟,《红楼梦》蕴涵言外之意、弦外之音的人物对话比比皆是。本文试从语用学的角度,运用Grice的会话含义理论中的合作原则和语境理论探讨《红楼梦》人物对话的言外之意。     

论篇章的文体变异及其理据

篇章分析的功能语言观认为,篇章文体的变化是受其情境中的三个因素制约的:话语范围决定着篇章中概念和命题意义的选择;话语基调影响着篇章中主体互联的程度;话语方式限定着篇章形式的构成。它们形成篇章中文体变异的理据并分别与篇章中的表义功能、人际功能和语篇功能这三大宏观功能相照应,其功能和应用范围决定了它们在篇章分析中的重要性。可见,只有把言内语境和言外语境分析结合起来,才能得到对一个篇章意义的完整理解。     

The Measurement of Subjective Probability: Evaluating the Sensitivity and Accuracy of Various Scales

The RISK of an event generally relates to its expected severity and the perceived probability of its occurrence. In RISK research, however, there is no standard measure for subjective probability estimates. In this study, we compared five commonly used measurement formats—two rating scales, a visual analog scale, and two numeric measures—in terms of their ability to assess subjective probability judgments when objective probabilities are available. We varied the probabilities (low vs. moderate) and severity (low vs. high) of the events to be judged as well as the presentation mode of objective probabilities (sequential presentation of singular events vs. graphical presentation of aggregated information). We employed two complementary goodness‐of‐fit criteria: the correlation between objective and subjective probabilities (sensitivity), and the root mean square deviations of subjective probabilities from objective values (accuracy). The numeric formats generally outperformed all other measures. The severity of events had no effect on the performance. Generally, a rise in probability led to decreases in performance. This effect, however, depended on how the objective probabilities were encoded: pictographs ensured perfect information, which improved goodness of fit for all formats and diminished this negative effect on the performance. Differences in performance between scales are thus caused only in part by characteristics of the scales themselves—they also depend on the process of encoding. Consequently, researchers should take the source of probability information into account before selecting a measure.     

Computers,People and the Home

No abstract available for this article.     

高考英语听力测试中语境与语篇理解探析

笔者在对高考英语听力试题进行了分析后发现，语境理论与语篇理解都在测试中得到了广泛应用。本文以近三年（2005-2007年）的高考英语听力试题为例，分析了语境及语篇理解对考生听力的影响，并对高中英语听力教学加入语境与语篇教学进行了初步的理论探索。     

语言哲学中意义的语境问题

只有在考察语境观念的历史演进基础上,对意义研究中的语境条件从语言哲学角度予以分析,才能说明当代英美语言分析哲学和欧陆语言哲学两大思潮在意义追问中的语境化趋势及其合理性。对其中存在的语境难点做出批判性反思,是为语境研究的深层开展奠定理论基础的要素。     

语用学空间的语境分析

语言学家对语境的研究已经进行了几10年,目的在于认识语言本身的结构和功能.从外语教学角度说,语言能力是在真实情景中使用语言的能力,因此,语境研究也成为语用学视野中的重要内容.本文简要分析了语用学范畴的语境现象;语境对语用学系统编入的语项信息的影响,及其在外语教学中重视语境因素的意义.