日本和法国的少子化对策及启示

日本和法国同为发达国家,第二次世界大战结束以后都出现了比较严重的少子化问题,尽管导致两国少子化的原因不尽相同,但两国都为扭转少子化趋势推出了诸多举措。法国少子化对策的特点主要包括三个方面,一是推出了名目繁多的家庭补贴制度;二是积极创建工作育儿两不误的环境;三是在总和生育率尚处于并不太低的水平时就及早推出了各种举措。反观日本,日本政府自20世纪90年代中期以后陆续推出了诸多举措,但收效甚微,重要原因在于日本在总和生育率已降至很低水平时才调整人口政策并且日本少子化对策的力度远远不及法国。法国少子化对策取得了明显成效,其中最为重要的原因在于政府、企业、劳动者的紧密配合,举国一致为此付出努力。可见,要想从"低生育率陷阱"中摆脱出来,需要政府及社会各界及早深刻认识少子化的消极影响,举国一致付出艰辛努力,政府、企业、社会形成合力共同应对。     

日本少子化对策的演进、体系及政策工具评析

日本进入少子化阶段已近半个世纪。日本的少子化对策是日本政府为遏制本国的少子化进程、提振生育率而制定、施行的,由一系列相关法律、制度、规划及具体对策措施所组成的综合性的政策体系。日本少子化对策的演进历程可分为计划筹备、全面开展、调整深化三个阶段,分别以出台第一项对策、制定第一部法律和召开第一个专项会议为阶段开始的标志。日本少子化对策的体系可归纳为四个层次和三条主线。四个层次依次是国会立法的顶层设计、内阁会议决定的政策框架、少子化社会对策会议的综合应对、其他政府部门和专门会议的具体施策,由顶层向底层进行指导,由底层向顶层进行扩充和执行。三条主线为经济援助、支援生育和育儿、改革工作方式,三条主线互有交集,共同反映日本少子化对策的基本理念和整体目标。利用政策工具方法对日本少子化对策进行量化分析可知其创造良好婚育环境的影响作用较大,增强婚育意愿的推动作用和减少婚育阻碍的拉动作用较小;对策内容向育儿支援过度集中,严重缺乏对于婚姻的支援。日本的少子化对策相对于少子化进程严重滞后,错过了最佳应对期,是导致对策效果不佳的原因之一。中国应借鉴日本的经验,尽早开始应对少子化问题,通过制定整体性的配套措施配合...     

Co‐Op Advertising in Dynamic Retail Oligopolies

We study a supply chain in which a consumer goods manufacturer sells its product through a retailer. The retailer undertakes promotional expenditures, such as advertising, to increase sales and to compete against other retailer(s). The manufacturer supports the retailer’s promotional expenditure through a cooperative advertising program by reimbursing a portion (called the subsidy rate) of the retailer’s promotional expenditure. To determine the subsidy rate, we formulate a Stackelberg differential game between the manufacturer and the retailer, and a Nash differential subgame between the retailer and the competing retailer(s). We derive the optimal feedback promotional expenditures of the retailers and the optimal feedback subsidy rate of the manufacturer, and show how they are influenced by market parameters. An important finding is that the manufacturer should support its retailer only when a subsidy threshold is crossed. The impact of competition on this threshold is nonmonotone. Specifically, the manufacturer offers more support when its retailer competes with one other retailer but its support starts decreasing with the presence of additional retailers. In the case where the manufacturer sells through all retailers, we show under certain assumptions that it should support only one dominant retailer. We also describe how we can incorporate retail price competition into the model.     

螺旋藻添加剂在稚鳖生长中的作用研究

本试验利用螺旋藻添加剂对稚鳖在控温条件下（30－32℃）进行饲养生长对比研究，结果经统计表明：增重效果随添加量的增加而显著改善，各组之间稚鳖生长差异极显著（P＜0．01），试验组与对照组的成活率差异明显。