旅游学的涵义、学科性质及学科定位——从行为创造学新视角对旅游学基本概念的探索

旅游的＂艾斯特＂定义在旅游学界影响深远,但这一定义从形式和本质上都难以正确地揭示＂旅游＂的内涵和外延。按照定义的定义,从＂行为创造学＂的新视角来考察,旅游应该定义为＂人们暂时离开固定住所去寻求精神上满足或享受的活动＂。相应地,旅游学就是＂研究人们暂时离开固定住所去寻求精神上满足或享受活动的过程、特点、规律和方式的科学＂。这样,就可以澄清由于对＂艾斯特＂定义的误识和错误的思维定势而导致的＂旅游学＂概念、学科性质及其定位的混乱,从而对旅游学学科和旅游业的发展起到一定的促进作用。     

荀子荣辱观念之再考察

荀子作为先秦诸子百家思想的集大成者,在批判和吸收各家各派的同时,继承了孔孟关于荣辱观念的根本理路,对当时的社会治乱、人心世风进行了深入的洞察,对当时的天人关系、天人之分进行了细致的探究。他从人性的先天不足入手,于先王之道的根本精神处找出路,从而构建出了自己的荣辱观念。     

The impact of foster children's behavioural problems on Flemish foster mothers' parenting behaviour

Foster children often have behavioural problems. Behavioural problems influence the level of parenting stress and can lead to a breakdown. In this study, parenting behaviour of foster mothers is mapped, and the influence of behavioural problems and parenting stress on the parenting behaviour 2 years later is examined. Data of behavioural problems, family stress and parenting were gathered from 49 foster mothers. Problem behaviour has a direct negative impact on parenting and leads to less support and more negative control. It also results in more parenting stress. Foster parents need to be trained aiming at preventing ineffective parenting. The well‐being of foster parents needs to be guarded. Higher levels of parenting stress lead to less effective parenting.     

Gender,Culture and Intervention: Exploring Differences between Aboriginal and Non‐Aboriginal Children’s Responses to an Early Intervention Programme

Evaluation of a group parenting programme in the Northern Territory of Australia showed significant differences in benefits for Aboriginal and non‐Aboriginal boys and girls. The analysis considers whether boys and girls from different cultural backgrounds present with different problems; whether parental expectations for boys and girls differ and whether the intervention activates different responses in different settings. Conclusions suggest that there is a need to closely examine the ‘cultural logic’ of interventions, the appropriateness of their assumptions about child development and hypothesised mechanisms of change in different settings.     

The relationship between explicit and implicit learning processes and probable pathological gambling

This paper reports the findings of a study of explicit and implicit learning and gambling with non-problem (n = 107), sub-clinical problem gamblers (n = 13), and probable pathological gamblers (n = 46). Two probability learning tasks modeled after gambling games and an artificial grammar task were used to explore how people learn patterns. In each of the two probability learning tasks, the outcome of the game was biased during the first part (learning phase) of the task. The results showed that many of the participants in the experimental conditions learned the bias and gradually unlearned the bias during the extinction phase of the study. Probable pathological gamblers showed less retention of the bias during two probability tasks and repeated the same errors during the artificial grammar task suggesting that they emphasize explicit learning strategies rather than implicit learning strategies. The results are consistent with the idea that pathological gamblers are more likely to utilize explicit rules than implicit rules.     

Book Review

Affective forecasting refers to the process of predicting emotional reactions to future events. It plays an important role in decision making, but is also prone to errors, such as the ‘impact bias’: a tendency to overestimate the intensity of future reactions. The impact bias has been considered evolutionarily adaptive, as it performs a protective function in motivating people to avoid risky behaviour. Affective forecasting may be qualitatively different in a risk-taking population such as problem gamblers (PGs). In particular, PGs may fail to show the impact bias. This study was the first to examine affective forecasting in PGs. PGs (N = 25) and controls (N = 29) were asked to predict how they would feel after completing a guessing task. As hypothesized, controls exaggerated how bad they would feel after losing at the task, whereas PGs accurately predicted their reactions. Encouraging PGs to focus on anticipated emotions may be a novel target for treatment interventions.     

The power of ‘feeling one’ with a group: identity fusion and extreme pro-group behaviours / El poder de ‘sentirse uno’ con un grupo: fusión de la identidad y conductas progrupales extremas

Abstract

Why do some people make extreme sacrifices for their group? We propose that the identity fusion theory helps to understand extreme pro-group behaviour. Identity fusion entails a visceral feeling of oneness with the group. Since the borders between the personal and social self are highly permeable for fused persons, they care about the outcomes of the group as much as their own outcomes. In this article we start by introducing what identity fusion is and the four principles that conceptually capture its essence. After presenting the three alternative methods for measuring identity fusion, we review empirical evidence demonstrating what identity fusion predicts, and the underlying mechanisms that moderate and mediate its consequences. The next sections focus on the possible causes of identity fusion, and we introduce suggestions for diminishing undesirable extreme behaviours by decreasing fusion (i.e., ‘de-fusion’). In a final section, we briefly discuss alternative theories of the causes of extreme behaviours and their relation to identity fusion theory.     

Driving,Communicating and Working: Understanding the Work-related Communication Behaviours of Business Travellers on Work-related Car Journeys

Abstract

Despite an increasing number of workers requiring to travel extensively in carrying out their work, there are significant gaps in knowledge related to how business travellers make use of journey time. This paper addresses this gap in knowledge by examining the journey-time behaviours of business people travelling by car on work-related journeys. One of the central focuses of the paper is on the extent to which business travellers use mobile communication technologies and the extent to which they experience a pressure to remain in ‘perpetual contact’ with colleagues and clients while travelling.     

尊重商法的特殊思维

思维是一种认识的结果,也是一种过程.本文只是在前一种意义上展开讨论.商法的特殊思维是人们凭空造出来的吗?不是.它是人们认识商法现象得出的科学结论.其实,任何一个部门法都有特殊思维,只是特殊思维的参照标准和内涵不同而已.     

网络社会中个体人格特征及其行为关系

目前,网络心理研究的数据收集手段主要依赖于问卷调查法。在针对此种方法所存在的弊端进行深入讨论的基础上,提出了从基于被试主观评价转变为基于客观网络行为数据的全新研究思路,并阐明了由此可能带来的诸如保障数据可靠性等方面的改进与优势。文章最后探讨了计算机科学中行为分析技术在未来网络心理研究中的可行性与价值性。