场域关联、差序嵌入与信任结构的再生产——基于华北一所科技小院的经验研究

文章试图通过分析外源型农技推广组织与农村社区长达10年互动的社会过程来呈现非先赋性信任再生产的逻辑。分析发现,外源型农技推广组织实现由外而内并不是从“外人”变为“自己人”的线性嵌入,而是在“深嵌则依附”与“浅嵌则独立”之间寻找契洽共存的身份认同与行动空间的过程。虽然外源组织囿于乡土社会中内外有别、关系本位的特性,但是其反以“关系”为策略,基于“利益”与“情感”两个维度在场域关联的空间中差序性嵌入,通过高频的人情交往和利益交换在核心家族和区位格局的次级群体上建立自身的核心圈和亲近层,借助增产增量建立组织声誉来扩散村庄整体的互惠网络,将小院院所开放成半公共空间以生产着“生-熟”的信任格局,采取差序分利和模糊雇工来平衡环境依赖和组织独立,以实现从客人到帮手、从帮手到伙伴的身份转变,最终建立组织的合法性身份与行动的合情性空间,在“能否行动”的基础上推动“行动顺畅”成为可能。这种“伙伴”身份的建立过程也再生产着具有伦理性质的信任关系,此类非先赋性的多主体、多维度、层层推进的信任结构,是外源组织嵌入乡土但是不囿于乡土的切实选择。基于此,文章认为,外源组织由外而内的实现不只是一种嵌入过程,更是一种总体性信任结构的生产过程。     

社会网络交往与政治信任——基于JSNET数据的实证分析

文章使用2009年八城市"社会网络与职业调查"数据,考察了当前中国大城市居民的政治信任状况,并在此基础上探索个体网络交往和公共参与交往对居民政治信任水平的影响。实证分析发现,春节拜年网和社交餐饮网指标对政治信任水平无影响关系甚至存在负面影响,但是对于公共事务的关心程度和社团参与程度,与政治信任水平存在正向关系。因此,发展社团组织、鼓励群众关注公共事务,是提升城市居民的政治信任的有效渠道。     

Unjust punishment in organizations

What causes leaders to punish subordinates unjustly? And why might leaders keep punishing subordinates unjustly, even when this increases workplace misconduct? In the current paper we address these questions by suggesting that power and status cause leaders to punish unjustly. We review evidence on the effects of power and status on punishment, review how unjust punishments foster misconduct, and highlight how this creates a self-perpetuating feedback loop—leaders are more likely to punish in an unjust manner when subordinates engage in misconduct, but subordinates’ misconduct is partly caused by unjust punishments. We also discuss how leader-subordinate distrust may be at the heart of this phenomenon and how organizations may counteract unjust punishments. We draw attention to research areas that have received little attention and draw up an agenda for future research. Taken together, we integrate the literatures on power, status, punishment and trust, review evidence on when unjust punishments become perpetuating, challenge research suggesting that leaders are cautious when punishing, and guide future research on the topic of punishment in organizations.     

Supportive organizational environment,work-life enrichment,trust and turnover intention: A national survey of PRSA membership

Based on an online survey of a national random sample of the PRSA membership (n?=?650), this study is among the first to explore public relations employees’ own turnover intention and propose three contributing factors for employers to keep top talent in PR industry: a family-supportive organizational environment; the positive, enriching impact of professional work upon practitioners’ life; and PR practitioners’ trust toward employers. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.     

Racial diversity, minority concentration, and trust in Canadian urban neighborhoods

Using a sample of 42,329 respondents nested within 4254 Canadian urban neighborhoods, this study demonstrates the conceptual and empirical importance of making a distinction between neighborhood racial diversity and minority concentration, and examines how each is uniquely associated with trust. Our analysis shows that at a given level of racial minority concentration, Whites are more trusting when their minority neighbors are more evenly distributed across racial minority groups. Meanwhile, Whites are less trusting as the neighborhood share of racial minorities increases. Overall, the effect of racial minority concentration tends to prevail over that of racial diversity.     

Measuring people's trust

Summary. We measure trust and trustworthiness in British society with a newly designed experiment using real monetary rewards and a sample of the British population. The study also asks the typical survey question that aims to measure trust, showing that it does not predict 'trust' as measured in the experiment. Overall, about 40% of people were willing to trust a stranger in our experiment, and their trust was rewarded half of the time. Analysis of variation in the trust behaviour in our survey suggests that trusting is more likely if people are older, their financial situation is either 'comfortable' or 'difficult' compared with 'doing alright' or 'just getting by', they are a homeowner or they are divorced, separated or never married compared with those who are married or cohabiting. Trustworthiness also is more likely among subjects who are divorced or separated relative to those who are married or cohabiting, and less likely among subjects who perceive their financial situation as 'just getting by' or 'difficult'. We also analyse the effect of attitudes towards risks on trust.     

论心理需要是信任产生的心理原因

文章试图从整个人类及其发展的视角来讨论信任现象的发生。通过回顾前人对信任产生原因的分析,笔者认为心理需要也应该是信任产生的重要原因。其中自我保护需要以及归属和爱的需要是信任产生的重要心理推动力。     

Women–Family in Quality Perspective

Bringing together women and family in quality perspective bring about interesting discussions in this paper. By integrating previous studies and considering expert opinions, we determinate the variables and dimensions with respect to women’s existence regarding their roles both in the family and at work. Many activities carried out by women represent the consumer aspects of their role. Women undertake these activities to fulfill their needs, which can be classified in the order of preference using Maslow’s Hierarchy of Need. Women success can be measured based on their ability to perform their roles successfully. We identify women’s performance by using quality approach of Personal Quality Maintenance (PQM), which is widely applied in many organizations in order to maintain the service delivery, which meets the customer satisfaction. The effort to enhance women’s satisfaction for their success in playing the multirole in the family and at work is our main consideration. This study may contribute a new point of view regarding for the women’s welfare and existence.     

Farmers,trust, and the market solution to water pollution: The role of social embeddedness in water quality trading

Water quality trading (WQT) is a market arrangement in which a point-source water polluter pays farmers to implement conservation practices and claims the resulting benefits as credits toward meeting a pollution permit. Success rates of WQT programs nationwide are highly variable. Most of the literature on WQT is from an economic perspective emphasizing property rights, transaction costs, and the role of the price signal, but this institutional approach cannot fully account for the differential success rates between and within WQT programs. In this paper I turn to the role of social embeddedness and trust in helping explain these variable outcomes. Using interview data from all WQT programs nationwide I demonstrate that differential success rates between, and particularly within programs is largely determined by the presence or absence of a trusted local intermediary with relationships to the farming community. Trust helps WQT programs succeed because it makes information more credible to farmers, makes outreach to farmers more efficient, and buffers the risk that farmers may perceive in participating in the trading scheme.