我国种植业空间布局是否呈区域分散化趋势

改革开放以来,我国种植业的空间布局发生了深刻变化。空间布局的演变是趋于专业化还是分散化,直接影响农业比较优势的发挥。文章选取了12种主要农作物,以1978—2009年的省级面板数据对我国种植业区域专业化进行了实证研究,结果表明,第一,自1978年以来,全国平均种植业区域专业化指数呈先降后升的明显趋势,个别年份出现波动,可能与当时的政策或经济环境有关;第二,各地种植业区域专业化指数及其变化趋势存在较大差异,农产品结构单一和经济较发达的地区往往专业化指数较高,而且大都呈上升趋势,而传统农业大省的专业化指数一般较低,且大都呈下降趋势。     

中国城市增量自治研究

社会结构的巨大变迁和体制外因素的不断介入催化城市治理结构变革,城市自治是中国市制创新、促进城市发展和适应全球地方治理运动的理性选择。由于受中国国情及其所处时代背景等现实因素的制约,增量自治是中国城市由自主走向自治唯一道路。向城市政府和城市市民赋权与能则是中国城市实现增量自治的前提条件和制度保证。     

财政分权理论的研究主题与方法

财政分权理论是当前公共财政领域研究的前沿课题。对多级财政体制下政府、政府行为和政策选择问题的研究构成了该理论的核心主题。该理论对地方性公共产品的研究是基于Samuelson-Musgrave公共产品理论对效率问题和公共选择分析范式的对政治程序问题的探讨。新制度财政分权理论以公共选择理论为起点,对财政分权的激励机制设计问题的研究突破了传统分权理论的分析框架。在此基础上,整合了财政分权政策制定的规范和实证方法的交易成本政治学构成了研究方法上的创新。     

分权、民主与统一——论美国教育立法的三个思想维度

美国教育法在不断发展和修正中形成了分权、民主与统一三个维度。权力的分立传统、争取民主权利运动、判例法、国家的干预等推动了美国教育制度的不断发展与进步。这同美国社会经济、政治、国际形势等方面的变化密切相关,同时也是人民不断斗争的结果。特别是二战后,大量的联邦立法更加体现了国家利益至上,引导教育向统一方向的发展。     

Challenges of local government capacity building initiatives: experiences of an UNDP nationally executed programme in Thailand

In 1996 the Government of Thailand, with technical and financial assistance from the UNDP, designed a package of strategies and policies to help sustain the development of the urban centres in the various regions of the country. The package, which focused on strengthening capacity at the local level came to be known as the Regional Urban Development Program (RUDP). This article is an analysis of the process of implementing this capacity building initiative. It summarizes the achievements of and constraints faced by the programme and suggests recommendations that implementing agencies may consider with a view to improve conditions at the local level.     

“营改增”政策的冷思考

“营改增”政策虽然目前为企业带来税负的下降,但也在一定程度上加剧了地方政府财政困境,导致地方政府乱收费及预算外资金的出现.“营改增”政策的负效应源于我国财政分权制度的弊端,这些弊病中最为严重的是地方政府负债、权力失衡与失控.“营改增“政策初衷的实现有赖于健全的财政分权制度.为此,必须建立健全我国财政分权制度,即制定《财政收支划分法》,用法律的形式确定中央政府与地方政府的财政收益权、财政支付责任等,并将预算外资金纳入预算.     

Whitewater: Decentralization of river basin water resource management

This paper focuses on empirically assessing determinants of river basin management decentralization, which is growing in popularity among water resource managers world wide. Measuring decentralization as a shift of decision-making responsibility to water users or governments at the river basin level or below, the analysis sheds light on the decentralization reform process and its success, using primary data from 83 river basins world wide. Contrary to common perception that primarily emergency situations trigger reform, persistent water scarcity is found to be a major stimulus to reform. Similarly, financially well-endowed or -developed basins do not necessarily outperform poor and underdeveloped basins. Conditions improving decentralization performance include: existence of dispute resolution mechanisms; greater financial responsibility of users; and as opposed to traditional thinking, government financial support to basin budget.     

Market-based Governance and the Challenge for Rural Governments: US Trends

Privatization and decentralization represent market‐based approaches to government. Designed to increase efficiency and responsiveness of government, these approaches also limit the potential for redistribution. A key question is: how will rural governments compete in such a market‐based system? Will they be favoured, as their reliance on market provision for public goods is higher due to the smaller number of services provided by government? Or will they be less able to compete due to the costs of sparsity, which may make them less attractive to market suppliers? Data from the United States covering the period 1992–2002, show that rural areas are not favoured by either of these trends – privatization or decentralization. Managerial weakness does not explain the shortfall. Rural areas are not as attractive to market suppliers and thus are disadvantaged under market‐based service delivery approaches. Although national policy continues to advance a privatization agenda, policy‐makers should be concerned about the uneven impacts of such market‐based approaches.     

行政审批权力下移与政府治理方式的转变——以当前我国扩权强县政策为中心的研究

为构建服务型政府,必须转变政府职能和治理方式。当前我国行政改革的重要措施之一是将行政审批权力下移,施行扩权强县政策。但由于现行政府层级管理中存在着体制性与结构性问题,如省级政府制度供给不健全、县域公共管理基础薄弱等,使扩权强县政策真正落实遇到困难。这就需要重新考虑行政区划与政府机构的设置,不断探索县域新型财政体制的构建和各级政府治理模式的转型,在分权与赋权结合的基础上理顺上下级政府之间的关系,逐步下放行政审批权,以促进我国政府治理方式的根本转变。     

中国的财政支出与城乡收入差距

 当前我国城乡收入差距正呈现日益扩大的趋势,导致出现这种局面的原因是多方面的,其中,政府的财政投入不足是一个重要方面。但政府增加财政支出是否能有效引导农民收入增长并缩小城乡收入差距呢？我们采用动态面板数据模型和系统广义矩(system-GMM)估计方法的研究表明,这取决于地方政府在追求本地GDP高速增长的政绩最大化条件下,利用自身财政自主权所选择的不同支出结构——在财政分权的背景下,即使财政投入总量增加了,城乡收入差距也未必会缩小,只有倾向于农业投入以及科教文卫支出增加的政府财政支出结构才能有效减轻城乡收入差距。