多元化决策主体在诉求表达实现机制中的功能分析

文章在阐释诉求表达实现机制概念的基础上,强调了该机制中决策主体的多元性,并进一步分析了多元化决策主体在诉求表达实现机制运行过程中,所发挥的尊重利益、承认差别、促进沟通、协调整合、客观可行和促进发展等六大功能。     

辽宁国民外交协会外交活动述评

辽宁国民外交协会是"九一八"事变前辽宁民众自发形成的反日爱国团体。它成立后,积极开展对日交涉、宣传国民外交常识、抵制日货、协助东北政权开展外交活动。其组织迅速扩大,会员急剧增加,成为辽宁国民开展外交活动的一个新途径。这些外交活动在打击日本帝国主义的侵略势力、唤起民众的爱国主义意识、捍卫国家主权方面起到了不可低估的历史作用。但受历史条件的限制,也产生了一定的消极影响。     

Testing the Vitamin Model of job stress in Dutch health care workers

Three central hypotheses of Warr's Vitamin Model concerning the relationship between job characteristics and well-being and health outcomes were tested: (1) differential effects of job characteristics on the various well-being and health outcomes; (2) predominance of curvilinear associations; and (3) moderate influence of negative and positive affectivity on these relationships. The study participants were 162 employees from a health care organization (aged 19-54 years, 95% women) who completed questionnaires on job demands and job autonomy, as well as on the outcome variables depression, anxiety, job satisfaction, and health complaints. In addition, data on short-term sickness absence were collected. A higher level of job demands was significantly associated with a lower level of well-being and self-reported health. Job autonomy showed weaker relationships with the outcome variables. The effects of job demands were still large after controlling for negative and positive affectivity, while the effects of job autonomy in most cases became non-significant. The predicted curvilinear relationship between job characteristics and outcome variables did not have an additional value over a linear model in predicting the data. It is concluded that the present data from a homogeneous sample of mostly female nurses support Warr's Vitamin Model to a limited extent.     

城市老年人群精神需求状况的调查与研究

老年人群的精神需求是一个亟待关注的社会问题。对南京 6城区和 2所老年大学的调查显示 :城市老年群体的精神需求主要表现在生活安全、社会尊重、行为意义三个方面 ,经常性的精神活动主要有看电视、阅览报纸、文体健身、知识性活动等。他们对市政府广辟市民广场和修建街心花园等非常满意 ,而影响制约他们精神需求满足的因素有经济因素、家庭因素和充满矛盾的心理因素。     

‘How Do You Feel About Studying Social Work?’—Social Work Students in Greece: Demands,Support, Feelings About Their Studies and Attitudes Towards Themselves

This paper presents the results of a study exploring the nature and extent of the demands placed upon social work students during their studies, the support available to them inside and outside the course, their feelings about their work and their attitudes towards themselves. Demands from the course were rated higher than demands from financial, family and part-time work responsibilities. Important support was obtained from friends, relatives and fellow students while, except for practice teachers, the lack of support from the course was emphasized. A large number of students often felt exhausted, not due to the actual work with users but mostly due to obligations to the course such as essays. On the whole, however, students felt good about what they had accomplished so far and held positive attitudes towards themselves. The need for structured support resources offered within the educational institution was evident and recognized by more than half of the students, who stated they would be willing to use them had they been available. Students expressed no intention to quit their studies despite the demands placed upon them; the prospect of unemployment was an additional source of worry for more than half of them.     

Testing the Vitamin Model of job stress in Dutch health care workers

Three central hypotheses of Warr's Vitamin Model concerning the relationship between job characteristics and well-being and health outcomes were tested: (1) differential effects of job characteristics on the various well-being and health outcomes; (2) predominance of curvilinear associations; and (3) moderate influence of negative and positive affectivity on these relationships. The study participants were 162 employees from a health care organization (aged 19–54 years, 95% women) who completed questionnaires on job demands and job autonomy, as well as on the outcome variables depression, anxiety, job satisfaction, and health complaints. In addition, data on short-term sickness absence were collected. A higher level of job demands was significantly associated with a lower level of well-being and self-reported health. Job autonomy showed weaker relationships with the outcome variables. The effects of job demands were still large after controlling for negative and positive affectivity, while the effects of job autonomy in most cases became non-significant. The predicted curvilinear relationship between job characteristics and outcome variables did not have an additional value over a linear model in predicting the data. It is concluded that the present data from a homogeneous sample of mostly female nurses support Warr's Vitamin Model to a limited extent.     

The validity of the occupational stress indicator

During the last two decades two potent groups of predictors for work-related musculoskeletal problems have been identified: physical work load and poor psychosocial working conditions. However, little is known about their combined effects. In this study the buffering effect of control at work with respect to the negative effects of psychological demands and physical work load on musculoskeletal problems is examined. All study variables were sampled from 431 people working in geriatric nursing homes in Germany by means of questionnaires. Main effects and interactions were tested with multiple regression analysis. The results showed that control buffered the effects of high psychological demands, but not of high physical work load; the buffering effect of control was observed only when physical work load was low. The combined effects of demands and physical work load were over-additive. Thus, the power of different predictors for musculoskeletal symptoms depended on the level of other predictors. This suggests that the efficiency of certain strategies for the prevention of musculoskeletal problems is likely to depend on the level of risk factors, with different strategies being appropriate for different levels of risk.     

The association between job skill discretion,decision authority and burnout

This paper reports on the relationship between dimensions of control (skill discretion and decision authority) and burnout (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment) among 164 human service workers. It examines the differential influence of job demands, control (skill discretion and decision authority) and social support (supervisor, co-workers, others) on each burnout dimension. Then it examines the moderating effects of higher skill discretion, higher decision authority, and higher social support on burnout. Low skill discretion was found to be associated with high emotional exhaustion and depersonalization and low personal accomplishment. The effects of decision authority were not statistically significant. High job demands were associated with high emotional exhaustion only. Social support (supervisor, co-worker, and others) was not associated with burnout when demographic variables and job characteristics were controlled for. Neither dimension of control moderated the impact of high job demands on burnout. Social support did not moderate the impact of high demands, low skill discretion, or low decision authority on any burnout dimension. The full model explained 44% of the variance in emotional exhaustion, 25% in depersonalization, and 42% in personal accomplishment. Despite its limitations, the study suggests that the Job Demand-Control model may provide a useful theoretical foundation for the study of burnout, but that the control dimensions need to be evaluated independently since they appear to be differentially related to the burnout dimensions.     

城市化中理性土地征收模式的创新：“谋发展”与“保民生”——温州征地的经验和启示

城市化中非理性的土地征收行为,容易给城市建设的＂品质＂留下＂经济隐患＂和＂社会风险＂。温州城市建设中的土地征收模式,既有＂自下而上＂民众诉求＂抛砖＂的推动,又有＂自上而下＂政府主导＂引玉＂的改革,其典型特点是回应被征地群众的＂民生诉求＂问题,通过＂三分三改＂给予农民＂携土地资源用益物权＂入城的市民身份,并创造农民可以＂自由择业＂的＂宜农则农、宜商则商、宜工则工＂的经济环境,使得失地群众生活＂有依靠＂、工作＂有奔头＂。温州征地模式,既有其成功的独特性,又有可以推广的普遍性,科学总结温州城市化建设中土地征收的成功经验,对于指导城市化建设中土地征收和谐化有着重要的理论与实践意义。     

Learning new behaviour patterns: a longitudinal test of Karasek's active learning hypothesis among Dutch teachers

This investigation deals with the active learning hypothesis in Karasek and Theorell's (1990) job demands-control model. The active learning hypothesis holds that high levels of learning and self-efficacy will occur among incumbents of high job demands/high job control jobs, whereas low levels of learning and self-efficacy will be found in low demands/low control jobs. This study tested these notions in the context of a two-wave study conducted over a period of one year among 876 Dutch teachers. Regression analysis revealed that job demands had a lagged negative (rather than a positive) effect on learning and self-efficacy; as expected, job control had a positive effect. Thus, the highest levels of learning and self-efficacy were found among incumbents of high control/low demands jobs (and not among incumbents of high control/high demands jobs). Further, the effects of changes in work characteristics on changes in learning behaviour and self-efficacy were examined, providing additional evidence that especially the transition from a low demands/low control to a high demands/low control job is associated with a strong deterioration of learning and self-efficacy. It is concluded that future research should address the interrelationships between learning and strain, preferably using longitudinal designs.