错位、混杂、超越--流散视阈中的卡里尔·菲利普斯《渡河》研究

作为菲利普斯所有作品中最知名的一部,《渡河》不仅仅让他两次入选布莱克纪念奖,还对流散问题的探讨最为深刻,几乎囊括了菲利普斯所有流散思想的核心内容,分别是错位主题、混杂本质和超越期盼。错位是卡里尔·菲利普斯生存常态的真实写照,也是他的作品中常见的主题。从第一部小说《最后的通道》开始,菲利普斯就不断的关注流散视阈中的“错位”。而在“错位”主题的基础上,菲利普斯流散思想的本质是提倡一种独特的混杂流散观念,不计种族、民族和性别的差异,将处于流散中的所有群族考虑在内,这是一种开放的、流动的反本质主义的流散思想。而菲利普斯呼吁的是一种能够超越种族、民族和性别差异的流散观念。     

同一性、多样性或不确定性?——美国黑人流散文化观视角下的《柏油孩子》

文章从美国黑人流散文化的同一性和多样性的角度重新评价托妮·莫里森的小说《柏油孩子》。《柏油孩子》同时采纳了民族主义和流散文化的理论框架,以神话模式和现实主义相混杂的写作风格建构了个人与文化身份的高度离散的叙事和充满不确定性的意义体系,从而精确表征了美国黑人因面对种族、传统和现代性而产生的动态变化的,矛盾的意识形态体系。     

Diaspora policy in weakly governed arenas and the benefits of multipolar engagement: lessons from the Coptic Orthodox Church in Egypt

ABSTRACT

Much of the literature on diaspora policy frameworks assumes states are monolithic, with exclusively centralised decision-making and political and administrative capacity spread across decentralised units. Yet, decentralised units of government do engage directly with diasporas; and many countries seeking to engage their diasporas suffer from limited capacity and reach to jurisdictions far from their capitals. In weak governing structures, diaspora policy is likely to be less formal, and ad hoc. The Coptic Orthodox Church in Egypt is the de facto public service provider to Coptic communities in Egypt. Like the Egyptian state, it suffers from limited control of its decentralised dioceses. The Church's implicit and decentralised diaspora policy demonstrates the complexity and benefits of multipolar diaspora engagement. It offers a menu of options that may maximise the deepening of diaspora identity and the material contributions diasporas make in the country of origin, and the sustenance of both. The analysis supports a political economy, and especially governmentality, explanation for differences in diaspora policy.     

‘We’re not coming from Mars; we know how things work in Morocco!’ How diasporic Moroccan youth resists political socialisation in state-led homeland tours

ABSTRACT

Diaspora policies, to be defined as emigrant state policies aiming at maintaining and strengthening ties with its expatriate population, have become a regular feature of twenty-first century international politics. A particular diaspora policy strategy adopted by various emigration countries including Morocco is the introduction of state-led homeland tours. These can be understood as an origin-state tool to socialise mainly young expatriate community members with homeland orientations and identities. Both by opponents as by sympathisers of these tours, it is often assumed that homeland tours are effective in their socialisation project. However, this assumption undervalues the agency of tour participants. This article presents an in-depth investigation of the Moroccan Summer Universities, annual state-led homeland tours for college and university students of Moroccan descent, based on participant observation and qualitative interviews. The analysis highlights the tour participants’ resistance against both discourses and practices of these homeland tours’ organisers. As such, the article attends to the need to understand better how state diaspora policies are received by young members of the diaspora, in a situation where state–diaspora relations are tense and policies are top-down.     

Deconstructing diasporic mobilisation at a time of crisis: perspectives from the Palestinian and Greek diasporas

ABSTRACT

This paper focuses on the difficulties that diasporas face in relation to mobilising around helping the homeland at a time of crisis, using qualitative research on the Greek and Palestinian diasporas. Rather than assume that long-distance nationalism, emotional attachment to the homeland and diasporic obligation will galvanise diasporic populations into assisting, and mobilising around, the homeland, the paper argues that those in diasporas do not necessarily help their homelands in times of crisis, even if they have strong socio-cultural connections to it. At times of crisis these feelings are heightened but not do not always translate into direct action; this may especially be the case at times of prolonged crisis when past efforts to help do not seem to have worked. This paper argues that it is often hard for those in diaspora to find meaningful ways to help at a time of crisis and many question the effectiveness of their actions if they do not see positive outcomes over time. The paper demonstrates that trying to help the homeland can therefore be a frustrating process and can make those in diaspora feel distanced and isolated from the homeland due to their inability to find concrete ways to help.     

Securing the diasporic ‘self’ by travelling abroad: Taglit-Birthright and ontological security

ABSTRACT

In recent years, the literature on diaspora politics has focused primarily on why and when migrant or ethno-religious groups adopt a diasporic stance and mobilise on behalf of their homeland. The ability of a community to sustain a diasporic stance across generations is less explored and often assumed to be dependent on discrimination in the host country or events in the homeland. By contrast, this article focuses on internal dynamics of the Jewish-American community to explore the development of Taglit-Birthright – a free educational trip to Israel offered to young Jewish adults. Drawing on the concept of ontological security – security of identity and subjectivity – I argue that the decision to invest in such a costly and experimental programme was the result of two perceived threats to Jewish diasporic identity: the threat to the diasporic narrative and the threat to the relationship with the homeland. Evidence for this claim is generated through interpretation of internal documents, media reports, and secondary literature.     

论斯图亚特·霍尔的文化认同观

晚近以来,传统的认同形式在主体身份破碎、流离的境况下逐渐被消解,人们开始面临各种"认同的危机"。英国著名学者斯图亚特·霍尔以文化研究的视角开展对认同的研究,他指出,文化认同是动态的,永远处于过程当中,就像一件随时都在生产,但是永远都没有完成、也不会完成的产品。因此,对文化认同的思考应该由传统的"我是谁""我来自何方"转变为"我将会是什么样的""我将要到何方"。这一转变对研究现代性流散、混杂的社会主体的文化认同具有较为深远的意义,也是我们探索现代性社会主体"文化认同"的一条重要路径。     

Post‐colonial Pakistani Mobilities: the Embodiment of the ‘Myth of Return’ in Tourism

This paper examines post‐migration mobilities of a Pakistani diaspora (Luton, UK) by identifying the embodiment of the ‘myth of return’ in tourism participation to the homeland, Pakistan. The interpretive ethnographic accounts re‐consider the ‘myth of return’ concerning the emigration and immigration nexus. The continuation of traditions such as duties and obligations transmitted through the myth in tourism are analysed. The paper argues that the ‘myth’ is imperative to understanding the meanings the Pakistani community attaches to tourism motivations. The conclusion argues that the ties between post‐colonial diasporas and the homelands can be explained through post‐migration tourism mobilities.     

GLOBALIZATION AND TRINIDAD CARNIVAL: DIASPORA,HYBRIDITY AND IDENTITY IN GLOBAL CULTURE

This article is premised on the view that culturally, the periphery is greatly influenced by the society of the centre, but the reverse is also the case. This is a case study of the impact and implications for global culture of periphery-to-centre cultural flows. It is argued that the Trinidad carnival and the overseas Caribbean carnivals (e.g. Notting Hill, London; Caribana, Toronto; Labour Day, New York) are products of and responses to the processes of globalization as wellas transcultural and transnational formations. Carnival is theorized as a hybrid site for the ritual negotiation of cultural identity and practice by the Caribbean diaspora.     

论纳博科夫的流亡意识与纳博科夫研究的多元文化视角

经历了从俄罗斯到欧洲各国及美洲大陆的多年流亡之后,纳博科夫形成了根深蒂固的流亡意识。文章分析了纳博科夫流亡意识的内涵,论证以俄罗斯文化及多元文化视角进行纳博科夫研究的重要性。