Minimal Risk in Pediatric Research: A Philosophical Review and Reconsideration

Despite more than thirty years of debate, disagreement persists among research ethicists about the most appropriate way to interpret the U.S. regulations on pediatric research, specifically the categories of “minimal risk” and a “minor increase over minimal risk.” Focusing primarily on the definition of “minimal risk,” we argue in this article that the continued debate about the pediatric risk categories is at least partly because their conceptual status is seldom considered directly. Once this is done, it becomes clear that the most popular strategy for interpreting “minimal risk”—defining it as a specific set of risks—is indefensible and, from a pragmatic perspective, unlikely to resolve disagreement. Primarily this is because judgments about minimal risk are both normative and heavily intuitive in nature and thus cannot easily be captured by reductions to a given set of risks. We suggest instead that a more defensible approach to evaluating risk should incorporate room for reflection and deliberation. This dispositional, deliberative framework can nonetheless accommodate a number of intellectual resources for reducing reliance on sheer intuition and improving the quality of risk evaluations.     

食品安全风险行政规制的信息工具选择

信息工具选择和运用直接关系到食品安全风险行政规制的效果.食品安全风险行政规制中信息工具的应用涵盖了信息收集渠道、信息公示平台、安全信息管理以及事后监管机制等.同时,食品安全风险行政规制信息工具存在具有信息来源与收集路径的单一性、信息流通的内部性、信息控制与公布的主体的多重性和相对人权利救济的滞后性等缺陷.为此,需要有针对性地拓展网络信息的收集路径;严格信息流通的责任制度;加强信息工具与其他工具的组合运用;完善风险信息发布的相对人救济机制,并引入预防性诉讼和公益诉讼制度.     

Tweeting India’s Nirbhaya protest: a study of emotional dynamics in an online social movement

Abstract

Previous research has recognized the role of emotions in protests and social movements in the offline world. Despite the current scenario of ubiquitous social media and ‘Twitter revolutions,’ our knowledge about the connections between emotions and online protests still remains limited. In this study, we examine whether online protest actions follow the same emotional groundwork for supporting and nurturing a social movement as in the offline world, and how these emotions vary across various stages of the social movement. Through a computer-assisted emotion analysis of 65,613 Twitter posts (tweets), posted during the Nirbhaya social movement (movement against the Delhi gang-rape incident) in India, we identified a strong resemblance between online emotional patterns and offline protest emotions as discussed in literature. Formal statistical testing of a range of emotions (negativity, positivity, anger, sadness, anxiety, certainty, individualism, collectivism, and achievement) demonstrates that they significantly differed across stages of the social movement; as such, they influenced the course of the online protest, resonating parallels with offline events. The findings highlight the importance of anger and anxiety in stirring the collective conscience, and identify that positive emotion was pervasive during the protest event. Implications of these findings are discussed.     

Minority Stress,Emotion Regulation,and the Parenting of Sexual-Minority Youth

ABSTRACT

Despite increasing societal acceptance of sexual-minority individuals, there are still gay, lesbian, and bisexual (GLB) adolescents who experience negative mental health outcomes. Minority stress theory posits that stigma-related stress associated with sexual-minority status drives increased risk among GLB individuals. Furthermore, recent evidence suggests that minority stress impacts emotion regulation (ER), identified as a particularly important risk factor for sexual-minority youth (SMY). Current research has identified some aspects of parenting contribute to GLB youth's mental health. We review the literature in these areas, and also integrate research from the broader developmental field on families and emotion socialization in order to identify the need for studies of parenting that go beyond existing data on parental acceptance and supportiveness of youth's sexual orientation. Limitations of the current literature and directions for future research are discussed, with specific focus on implications for interventions with SMY and their families.     

WTO框架下科学不确定性问题研究

WTO作为多边体制的支柱,不仅规定了货物、服务贸易,而且包括了动植物检验检疫、环境保护等涉及科学技术的领域,但WTO对这些领域的规定含混不清,导致各国对规则的解释往往采用了非统一的科学技术界定标准,这种技术标准成为贸易保护的正当性借口,在实践中许多国家以WTO之名行贸易保护之实。从某种意义上说,全球化肇始的标志是WTO体系,全球化的进一步发展则有赖于对WTO规则的进一步诠释,在环境保护、动植物检验检疫领域采取统一科学证据要件判定体系就成为了支撑WTO自由贸易精神的一个重要制度保障。     

论创新型高校组织文化特征

面向21世纪的高等教育改革实践中,突出加强大学生创新知识的传授、创新能力和创新素质的培养,以造就适应知识经济时代和我国社会主义建设事业需要的创新型高级专业人才,无疑是一项十分紧迫的任务。我们比以往任何时候更坚信国家真正的财富是人民的素质,高校组织文化对开展全面创新素质教育起到了至关重要的作用。对创新型高校组织文化特征的浅析将会为高校进行全面素质教育提供一种新的思路。     

浅析食品卫生安全的政府管制

食品卫生安全的政府管制是政府社会性管制的重要构成部分。商家与消费者间的信息不对称而造成的市场失灵、高昂的交易成本和商家的缺德行为,是施行政府管制的理由。目前我国食品卫生安全存在的问题还比较严重。应从规范市场准入、建立信息公开制度、建立公众舆论监督制度、严格执法等方面进行改革。     

论我国银行业信息披露的法律规制

国际经济一体化和金融全球化的背景下,银行业信息披露作为银行监管的必要补充,对保障银行业的投资者、存款人和其他利益相关人的利益,对促进银行业自身的发展,乃至整个银行体系的安全与稳健都具有重要意义。作者在介绍我国现行法律关于银行业信息披露规定的基础上,分析了存在的问题,并对完善我国银行业信息披露法律规制提出若干对策。     

危险驾驶罪之醉酒驾驶构成初探

刑法修正案(八)增加了危险驾驶犯罪,包括醉酒驾驶机动车情形。原因自由行为理论是醉酒驾车单独负刑事责任的重要理论依据。醉酒驾驶机动车肇事犯罪构成重在客观要件和主观要件,其中,醉酒驾车构成犯罪的主观心态是醉酒驾车肇事时这个特定时段的心态,行为人主观上应持有间接故意。醉酒驾车构成的危险驾驶罪的法定刑法律已经明确,但有失笼统,应随着实践的发展进一步完善。     

公共资源交易法律制度改革研究——以我国首部地方公共资源交易立法为例

我国现行的公共资源交易体制存在着诸多问题,需要改革相关的法律制度进行规范。文章客观评价了合肥市公共资源交易法律制度改革,提出公共资源交易法律规制改革应当遵守的原则以及相关制度完善的建议,以期合肥市能构建统一公共资源交易市场,建立统一交易规则,提高公共服务水平,创新监管制度和监管措施。