Proactive Parenting and Children's Effortful Control: Mediating Role of Language and Indirect Intervention Effects

We examined associations of proactive parenting, child verbal ability, and child effortful control within the context of a randomized prevention trial focused on enhancing parenting practices in low‐income families. Participants (N = 731) were assessed annually from the age of two to five, with half randomly assigned to the Family Check‐Up (FCU). Results indicated that the child's verbal ability at the age of three partially mediated the influence of proactive parenting at the age of two on children's effortful control at the age of five. More importantly, the FCU indirectly facilitated children's effortful control by sequentially improving proactive parenting and children's verbal ability. The findings are discussed with respect to taking a more integrative approach to understanding early predictors and the promotion of self‐regulation in early childhood.     

Challenges for Divorced Parents: Regulating Negative Emotions in Post‐Divorce Relationships

Emotion regulation processes in post‐divorce parental relationships are analysed using thematic qualitative analysis. In two separate interview episodes, three and five years post‐divorce, 55 people were interviewed: 10 couples and 35 individuals. Two themes emerged on how parents deal with their negative emotions after divorce. The first theme, emotion regulation flexibility, reveals how some parents effectively regulate negative emotions following the divorce. The second theme, emotion regulation rigidity, reveals that other parents retain feelings of anger, hostility, and resentment following the divorce as a consequence of dysfunctional emotion regulation strategies. This allows a deeper understanding of the processes of emotion regulation in family conflict, which may be easily applied in most therapeutic orientations.     

家训家规的社会管理价值

由于某些主客观原因，集装箱空箱运转存在时空不平衡性，低效率的干货集装箱空箱调整会增加运输成本，不利于集装箱货运的发展。现从系统混沌的角度分析空箱调整系统的动态发展过程，用熵来量化该系统的稳定性，得出通过优化空箱调整过程来降低系统的熵值，增加系统稳定。在考虑集装箱站空箱调运优先级的情况下，引入径路阻抗的概念，建立一定的空箱调整模型，确定从发送站到终点站的空箱流分配，以总箱阻抗最小化为目标，并用算例验证模型的实用性。     

Mother Emotion,Child Temperament,and Young Children's Helpless Responses to Failure

Young children differ in their responses to failure, displaying mastery or helpless behavior patterns. We examine the moderating role of child temperament on the association between parent warmth/negativity and children's helpless responses to failure. Regarding temperament, we focus on tendencies to experience interest and sadness because they entail task engagement and withdrawal, respectively. We measured mother (n=150) expressions of positive and negative emotion during a teaching task, assessed temperament using LabTAB‐Preschool episodes, and coded helplessness during an impossible puzzle task. Maternal negative emotion during teaching was positively associated with helplessness, but only for children low in interest. Maternal warmth was negatively associated with helplessness, but only for children high in sadness; sadness did not moderate the relation between maternal negativity and helplessness. Findings provide support for parenting by temperament goodness‐of‐fit models and for a discrete emotions approach to temperament.     

Too Many Rationales,Not Enough Reason: A Call to Examine the Goals of Including Lay Members on Institutional Review Boards

Every major U.S. commission appointed to review Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) as well as numerous reports and scholarly articles have recommended increasing the number of lay (nonscientist and unaffiliated) members on IRBs. Meanwhile, qualitative studies have shown that lay IRB members experience confusion about their roles, including ambiguity whether their roles are different from other members of the board. Without articulating the unique reasons why unaffiliated and nonscientist members are needed, IRBs have little guidance on how to recruit and train these members, and how many should be at the table. By looking back through the history of IRB regulations, policies, and commentaries we can articulate unique contributions these members can make. Only with these contributions in mind can we make arguments for how to best achieve them and make the case that increasing their numbers is necessary.     

自然垄断企业改革:政府规制和公司治理的融合

自然垄断企业的改革关系到整个市场经济发展的进程。作为自然垄断企业的传统治理方式之一,政府规制在市场环境变革中已面临困境。实践表明,在政府规制框架下,对自然垄断企业进行以公司治理为核心的公司化再造是提高自然垄断企业绩效的根本之策。为此,我们提出了一个把政府规制和公司治理进行融合的新的改革思路。     

房地产空闲与过量需求的模型分析

实践表明 ,房地产市场总是存在着过量供给与过量需求并存的矛盾现象。这种矛盾现象引起房地产市场价格信息的不可识别性 ,从而造成房地产市场难以形成严格均衡。本文针对这种现象建立了一种合适的房地产市场调节模型 ,以便说明和解释均衡市场上的房地产空闲水平 ,提出解决房地产市场空闲与过量需求矛盾的具体建议     

公用企业反垄断法律规制

从公用企业垄断的弊病和垄断理论基础的动摇以及西方发达国家反垄断的成功经验 ,阐述了我国公用企业反垄断的必要性、合理性和可行性。应当通过《反垄断法》和公用企业专门法两个层次予以规制 ,其内容包括反公用企业垄断状态法、反公用企业垄断行为法以及公用企业竞争促进法三个方面     

从金融规制理论视角看银监会的规制功能创新

银监会的设立可通过专业化经济提高货币政策和微观规制效率。促进央行的独立性和金融(银行)规制的市场化,国际化。要避免因旧体制下诸多问题在银监会的传染和复制,必须实现国有金融所有者与金融规制者的身份分离,实现国有金融在竞争性金融领域的退出。     

诚信、非正式制度与政府管制

整顿混乱的市场秩序,就是政府对市场的管制。它在理论上遇到市场失灵与政府失灵的困难局面,在实践上进入"管"与"不管"的两难境地。其原因是人们的思路局限于规范市场的正式制度安排,而忽视了规范市场的非正式制度安排。新的思路是,在完善正式制度安排的前提下,发挥非正式制度的社会经济稳定功能。完善正式制度的关键在于规范政府行为,树立政府信誉。非正式制度的核心是诚信机制的建立。