Crisis? What crisis?: How European professionals handle crises and crisis communication

A broad study in 43 European countries shows that 70% of communication professionals encounter at least one crisis a year, mostly institutional, related to the performance of the organization or a crisis in management or leadership. Organizational response and image restoration approaches are mainly based on information, sympathy and defense strategies. Traditional media relations and personal communication are the most important instruments used in crisis communication, while social media is used less often. The variation of crisis types, responses and instruments across European regions and types of organization indicate that economic and cultural aspects play a role in defining a crisis and communicating about it.     

Pan‐European pension funds: Current situation and future prospects

The competitive pressures arising from European economic integration increasingly challenge the territorial sovereignty of national welfare states. This generates the need to situate domestic social security schemes amid the European Union's national and supranational as well as economic and social spaces. At the trans‐national level, the European Commission's 2003 Institutions for Occupational Retirement Provision (IORP) Directive created the illusion that a single market for occupational pensions would shortly be within reach. This did not happen, however, as IORPs — being at one and the same time financial vehicles and social insurance institutions — embody the constitutional asymmetry between policies promoting market efficiency and policies promoting social protection. Whereas the elimination of financial and tax barriers has proceeded smoothly, harmonization of the social and labour components within the occupational pension domain did not occur, slowing down the development of pan‐European pension plans. Nonetheless the road towards a single occupational pension market is still open, with first positive results emerging from the greater involvement of corporate and supranational actors.     

欧盟参与东亚安全治理：行动与局限

长期以来,欧盟积极参与了全球性和地区性安全治理,其在东亚地区的行动反映了欧盟推动其安全战略、促进其国际地位提升的努力。但是,对东亚地区安全治理的参与同时也显露出欧盟能力上的局限。这主要表现在,欧盟对参与东亚地区安全治理提出的大量战略文件和规划,并不能够完全得到贯彻和推行。本文试图在对这些战略文件进行分析的基础上,对欧盟在东亚地区参与安全治理行动进行梳理,进而探讨欧盟在该领域的局限性。     

Substitution, availability and preferences in earnings management: empirical evidence from China

Our study analyzes financial reporting data on earnings management from a rapidly changing economy—the PRC. Some Chinese regulatory reforms allow for an easy identification of incentives to engage in both accounting and real earnings management activities. In addition, straightforward economic reasoning suggests that firms incur different costs for pursuing these strategies, which leads to the possibility of a hierarchy or ranking of different earnings management practices. Our results show that accounting and real earnings management activities were significantly higher for firms in danger of missing a regulation imposed performance threshold. After controlling for the availability of the different instruments, our results provide weak evidence for a ranking of different earnings management activities.

匈奴西迂与欧洲中世纪文学的多元融合

多元文化的融合是中世纪欧洲文学最显著的特征,这一特征形成于复杂动荡的社会历史。东方游牧民族匈奴西迁欧洲是直接而重要的因素,使得不同的种族、不同的文明和文化相互碰撞、相互影响、彼此交融,从而开启构筑了中古欧洲文学空前的多元文化相融合的格局。     

Modelling long-term pan-European population change from 1870 to 2000 by using geographical information systems

Summary.  The paper presents work that creates a geographical information system database of European census data from 1870 to 2000. The database is integrated over space and time. Spatially it consists of regional level data for most of Europe; temporally it covers every decade from 1870 to 2000. Crucially the data have been interpolated onto the administrative units that were available in 2000, thus allowing contemporary population patterns to be understood in the light of the changes that have occurred since the late 19th century. The effect of interpolation error on the resulting estimates is explored. This database will provide a framework for much future analysis on long-term Europewide demographic processes over space and time.     

论CAC及其法典编纂对完善我国食品安全标准体系的借鉴

国际食品法典委员会(CAC)是制定国际食品法典最重要的国际组织,中国自从1986年参与CAC的工作以来,在食品安全标准的完善及与国际接轨方面取得了很大成就。在《食品安全法》颁行过程中,应从食品安全标准体系和框架、标准的范围和具体内容以及标准的制修订机关和程序等方面,借鉴CAC的经验。同时,在完善食品安全标准体系时要把握几个核心原则,即以我为主、为我所用的原则,科学性、民主性和现实性相结合原则以及实现食品安全法律、法规和标准相协调原则。     

欧盟环境评价制度探析——以法律渊源为视角

从法律渊源的角度考察了欧盟环境评价制度,分析其国际法律渊源、欧盟基础条约渊源和欧盟层级法渊源。在此基础上,探析了欧盟环境影响评价中存在的执行桎梏、一体化困境和细节不足等问题。最后进一步研究了欧盟环境评价制度对我国的启示：完善我国的环境影响评价法律体系,引入跨界环境影响评价和跨界战略环境影响评价;提高环境影响评价中的可诉性;重视地方在环境影响评价制度体系执行中的重要作用。     

试论美国内战期间林肯政府的外交政策

美国内战是美国历史上北方资本主义制度战胜南方奴隶制度的一场正义的、进步的战争。内战本属美国内部问题,但由于战争结局会影响到欧洲列强的既得利益,因而北方的林肯政府在内战中不得不面对当时极　　　　其复杂的国际关系。我们认为,北方之最终获胜固然在于其正义性,但林肯政府灵活、有效的外交策略,同样功不可没。本文将重点探讨美国内战的国际关系及林肯政府的外支政策。     

在全球化压力下的欧洲的民族国家

哈贝马斯在这篇文章中概述了欧洲民族国家面对全球化的压力 ,存在着四种回应。哈贝马斯本人既不主张全盘支持 ,也不主张全盘反对 ,而主张第三条道路。但他认为这种第三条道路不应当是消极防守的 ,而是应积极进取的。他希望建立一种没有世界政府的世界内政 ,以期跟全球化的经济格局相适应。