Shaping the Political Arena: A Comparative Approach Between American Lobby and Euro-Groups

Nowadays, interest groups are regarded as the efficient alternative to political parties, due to the pejorative image acquired through the process of ‘politicization’ of the latter. However, the efficacy of these representative institutions depends on the political system in which they activate. Therefore, a comprehensive difference should be noticed between the European pressure groups and the American ones. The most significant distinction is given both by the influencing environment and the strategic pathways followed in the lobby process. This article also analyses the similarities between the two political actors, focusing on the legitimacy in the name of which the interest groups formulate and implement their lobbying strategies.      

Structural Reforms and Fiscal Discipline in Europe

In this paper we provide an overview on recent contributions on the effectiveness of the institutional framework operating in Europe to fulfil the objectives declared in the Lisbon Agenda under the fiscal constraints established in the Stability and Growth Pact. After a review of the Stability and Growth Pact as well as the Lisbon Strategy and the Sapir Report, we discuss the relations between fiscal policy and structural reform. Finally, we focus on 2D points in the EU debate on institutional reforms: government short-sightedness and the coordination of national fiscal policies at the European level.      

试析聚合基金对欧洲一体化的影响

为缩小不同地区间的经济发展差距。欧盟建立了针对落后成员国的地区发展基金——聚合基金。聚合基金有一套完善的运作机制．确保其实施效果的最大化。聚合基金促进了受益国的经济社会发展以及欧盟的经济社会聚合，推动了欧洲一体化的进程。     

欧共体明示与隐含缔约权力浅析

欧共体在对外关系发展过程中,出现了先后占主导地位的明示缔约权力原则与隐含缔约权力原则。关于明示缔约权力,《罗马条约》已有“共同商业政策”等明示规定,其含义通过欧洲法院的实践进一步丰富和发展。隐含缔约权力是欧共体对外缔约的另一重要法律基础,是其缔约权力的重要组成部分;平行发展原则派生于欧共体的隐含缔约权力原则,对欧共体对外缔约活动的发展起了重要的推动作用。     

《贵妇画像》中的欧美文化冲突与融合

亨利·詹姆斯在《责妇画像》中描述的一位单纯、独立的美国姑娘伊莎贝尔在欧洲的经历。通过这些经历反映了女主人公了解和追求欧洲文化的渴望。亨利·詹姆斯通过新旧两大陆文化冲突的描述，试图将两种文化的优点相结合，将美国人的高尚独立与欧洲人的智慧相结合；将美国人的淳朴与欧洲人的成熟相结合，来最终实现欧美文化的融合。     

Convergence or divergence? How the financial crisis affected European pensioners

The Member States of the European Union entered the financial crisis with very different pension systems. Although the use of standard adequacy measures suggest small impacts from the crisis, alternative measures based on pension wealth estimates indicate stronger effects. While the largest continental systems were left relatively unscathed by the crisis, Mediterranean systems were cut back significantly. This should lead to considerable convergence in system generosity across countries. Despite the cuts, state pensions in the stressed economies should still be generous enough to keep the majority of pensioners out of relative poverty, but this depends on a relatively quick turnaround in labour market performance in these countries.     

基于美式模板和欧式模板下中国数字贸易规则体系的构建

近年来,全球数字贸易发展迅猛,然而贸易规则却远滞后于经济发展速度。纵观世界各国,美国和欧盟数字贸易发展最早,也逐渐形成了两大典型的数字贸易规则模板,并引领着全球规则走向。文章通过对两大模板的特征分析,叙述了两大模板存在的主要分歧,即数据本地化、跨境数据自由流动、隐私保护及网络中介责任认定,并针对主要分歧探究中国数字贸易规制的发展趋向,同时提出一些建议。     

土耳其加入欧盟的政治文化分析

从1963年以来,土耳其就开始了漫长的入盟(欧共体)之路,时至今日未能如愿。如果从社会制度和文明冲突等政治文化的视角看待欧土关系及其对土耳其入盟的影响,政治文化认知的不协调是土耳其与欧盟产生差异性和矛盾性的深层原因。     

现代性理论的革新：多层现代性理论概要

“现代性=西方性”,“现代化=西方化”,这样的等式在近两百多年的“现代化”争论中占主导地位。但在今天,“西方现代性”正在失去其普遍性的地位。“多元现代性”理论问世后开始强调现代性的多种形式。但是“多元现代性”理论有其弱点和局限性：弱点是现代性观不明确,局限性是认为现代性发源于西欧。本文提出了新的现代性理论,这一理论将解决“多元现代性”理论的缺陷,并将这一新理论称为“现代性的历史多层构成论”,简称“多层现代性论”。