欧洲统一的历史回顾和前景展望

多个世纪以来,欧洲在世界历史上起着中心和支配的作用。然而,欧洲在历史上却长期处于分裂和混战状态。谋求欧洲统一有久远的历史渊源。但欧洲在古、近代历史演进中统一的多次尝试都失败了。“二战”后,欧洲的统一呼声不断,并进行着欧洲统一的新尝试。从欧共体到欧洲政治联盟发展进程来看,欧洲统一的前景光明。     

19世纪末巴西的南欧移民及其特征

19世纪中后期巴西宣布禁止奴隶贸易后,劳动力短缺的现象不断加剧。围绕劳动力来源问题,巴西国内不同群体针对引进华工和欧洲移民展开了激烈的争论。最终,种族主义者、激进废奴派和知识精英们的观点占据上风。他们持有强烈的种族偏见,鼓吹"黄祸论",主张引进欧洲移民,以填补巨大的劳动力缺口,传播先进的生产技术和思想文化,"改良"巴西的人口结构,帮助巴西摆脱"野蛮"迈向"文明"。意大利、葡萄牙和西班牙这三个南欧国家的移民成为19世纪末20世纪初巴西最大的外来移民群体。意大利移民与西班牙移民在成分、移民模式、分布、职业等方面非常相似:一是两者基本都是贫困乡村的农民,且大多以家庭为单位向外迁移;二是大多数移民都是享受巴西政府补贴的农业劳动力移民,基本都在圣保罗的咖啡种植园劳作;三是他们在种植园的待遇都很差;四是两国移民的社会流动性强,大部分移民都有再迁移的行为。相较于二者,葡萄牙移民主要是农村年轻的单身成年男性;分布在巴西的城市;没有补贴,职业选择更自由。大批南欧移民的到来,促进了巴西咖啡经济的繁荣,有助于该国的早期工业化,但他们的定居率较低,且存在与本土劳工矛盾丛生、罢工起义频发等问题。     

欧盟共同金融政策的发展与调整

欧盟共同金融政策成型于1986年开始的欧共体单一市场计划,其目标是建立高效、富于竞争性的共同体单一金融市场,促进区域经济增长.其发展经历了区域内金融开放以及金融服务行动计划下的规则和谐化两个阶段,推动了欧盟金融一体化程度的提高,金融服务业市场竞争与效率的改善.但是,欧盟单一金融市场建设中还存在一体化程度不均衡等诸多问题,欧盟当局将在金融服务行动计划的基础上,推动金融部门欧盟内的动态重组进程,调整金融监管思路,以全球性视野处理内部金融问题,实现既定的金融发展目标.     

欧盟反种族主义政策:发展历程与新动向

欧盟反种族主义与歧视政策从位于欧盟社会政策的边缘到中心的进程,主要是由欧盟社会政策模式之变化推动的。后者对基本权利的诉求,以及消除自由市场障碍的就业战略合力推动其发展。欧盟与其成员国在政策之法律权限上的博弈斗争贯穿了政策的整个发展历程,并最终获得了打击种族主义的权限。欧盟种族立法对于打击欧洲种族主义与深化一体化产生了积极影响,但由于受从属性原则的制约,其对成员国种族立法的影响仍然有限。     

网页元标签(Meta-tag)所引起的商标争议

由于互联网的快速发展,使得商业竞争从传统的媒介方式延伸到了互联网上,而当互联网的网页设计者在编写网页时,是否可以在无形的元标签当中埋入他人的注册商标来作为关键字使用,并且不侵犯商标所有权人的合法权利,在这一点上,欧盟及其成员国与美国有着不同的争议与看法。参考西方国家的相关规定与判例有利于我国知识产权法的发展。     

Success in agenda setting through failure in policymaking: Exploring a new policy venue in the Polish European Semester 2012–2022

The article presents the results of a case study based on participant observation of a policy venue which was established in Poland as part of the implementation of the European Semester (ES) in 2012. The long period (2012–2022) and the rich material collected by the insider in the studied venue (as a representative of over 30 civil society organisations affiliated to EAPN Poland) provide a unique opportunity to gain insight into the participation of social actors in the coordination of economic and social policy in the European Union after 2010. The main research question addressed in the article is: why did social actors gain influence on the agenda of the policy venue, but not on national social policy? Social actors participating in the European Semester in Poland, despite strong and competent representation in the policy venue under consideration, and despite their collaboration with other stakeholders, did not directly influence national poverty reduction policies. However, they strongly influenced the agenda of the policy venue, establishing poverty as a permanent item in the agenda of the subsequent ES cycles 2014–2019. The explanation of this course of action is the institutional framework of the policy venue studied in this article, the policy advocacy strategy adopted by the social actors within it in 2013–2015 and the institutional events triggered by the pandemic in 2020–2022.     

The ECB’s new inflation target from a short- and long-term perspective

The ECB’s target was recently revised, specifying that the 2%-inflation-rate threshold must be applied symmetrically and with a medium-term orientation. In the current phase, characterized by high inflation rates and a growing risk of stagnation in the euro area, this revision of the monetary policy strategy is crucial for explaining the recent decisions of the ECB and forecasting their possible evolution. However, monetary policy can only become one of many policy tools in the euro area. Therefore, there is room for a compelling policy mix necessary to control excessive inflation and to support the medium-term sustainable growth of the European economy.     

欧洲高等教育聚集区域形成的历史分析

欧洲的高等教育历史悠久，以著名大学为中心的高等教育聚集区在欧洲得以蓬勃发展并非是突发的偶然，它是一定的政治、经济、宗教和文化等多方面发展的产物，是欧洲经济、社会发展状况的表现。通过对欧洲高等教育聚集区域形成的背景加以廓清，并对其形成原因进行了全方位的历史分析，最后提出可供我国高等教育聚集化发展的建议，以促进我国高等教育聚集区域的建设。     

US and them: Job quality differences between natives and immigrants in Europe

Using microdata from the European Union Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS) and aggregate indicators of labour market institutions, this article compares the job quality of native and non-native workers across European countries and analyses the impact of the institutional settings on the job quality differential between both groups. The LFS is used to measure a job quality index for the period 2005–2017. We find that some immigrant groups fare worse than natives, the contribution of the “composition effect” to explain this differential is large, and the institutional framework affects the immigration gap in job quality. In particular, some labour market institutions (more centralized wage bargaining, stricter employment protection legislation) tend to be detrimental for immigrants relative to natives, while integration policies seem to work well in reducing these differences.     

Improving the protection of migrant workers with work histories in the European Union and Ibero-America: Enhancing the coordination of international social security instruments

Migration affects almost every nation, emphasizing the need to guarantee social security rights for all migrants and their families. This article focuses on the rights of workers who migrate between the countries of the European Union (EU) and the Ibero-American community. In the EU, social security systems are increasingly coordinated through Regulation No. 883/2004 and its Implementing Regulation No. 987/2009. In the Ibero-American community, coordination is sought through the Ibero-American Social Security Convention. Despite convergence between these two international instruments, coordination is still lacking between them. This article presents a comparative analysis to articulate the necessary mechanisms to guarantee coordination, to respect the social security rights of migrant workers. We focus on the cooperation and coordination between regional as well as national systems, specifically looking at the need for and aims of a rapprochement between these two major international coordination instruments to provide greater EU-Ibero-American cooperation. Finally, the importance of promoting greater international cooperation in social security policy and administration is highlighted, to engender the adequate protection of the rights as well as the free movement of migrant workers.