论苏东剧变后古巴的对外政策

苏东剧变后,古巴共产党根据变化了的形势,制订和实施了一系列新的对外政策:坚决反对帝国主义,捍卫社会主义政权和国家独立主权;不断加大对外开放力度,大力吸引外资和发展对外经贸关系;积极开展灵活务实的"全方位外交"活动。经过10余年的不懈努力,古巴目前已经基本走出困境,国际环境明显好转,国内经济呈稳步发展势头。古巴的对外政策及其实践为当代社会主义国家的改革和发展积累了宝贵的经验。     

苏俄及共产国际对孙中山革命思想的影响

苏俄和共产国际从其东方战略出发 ,积极在中国寻求盟友 ,最后决定面向孙中山。孙中山则由于国内政治局势的变化和寻求列强支持的失败 ,转而寻求苏俄的支持。这样 ,苏俄、共产国际与孙中山从各自不同的利益出发 ,相互接近。苏俄、共产国际对孙中山的影响主要表现为促使孙中山改组了国民党并且重新解释了三民主义 ,同时调整了革命方略 ,即是从注重军事工作转而注重政治工作 ,特别是宣传工作。不过 ,苏俄及共产国际对孙中山的影响还是有限的。国民党改组后孙中山的言论表明 ,孙中山的革命理念并未发生根本的变化     

The Precautionary Principle and/or Risk Assessment in World Trade Organization Decisions: A Possible Role for Risk Perception

Risk analysis has been recognized and validated in World Trade Organization (WTO) decision processes. In recent years the precautionary principle has been proposed as an additional or alternative approach to standard risk assessment. The precautionary principle has also been advocated by some who see it as part of postmodern democracy in which more power is given to the public on health and safety matters relative to the judgments of technocrats. A more cynical view is that the precautionary principle is particularly championed by the European Community as a means to erect trade barriers. The WTO ruling against the European Community's trade barrier against beef from hormone-treated cattle seemed to support the use of risk assessment and appeared to reject the argument that the precautionary principle was a legitimate basis for trade barriers. However, a more recent WTO decision on asbestos contains language suggesting that the precautionary principle, in the form of taking into account public perception, may be acceptable as a basis for a trade barrier. This decision, if followed in future WTO trade disputes, such as for genetically modified foods, raises many issues central to the field of risk analysis. It is too early to tell whether the precautionary principle will become accepted in WTO decisions, either as a supplement or a substitute for standard risk assessment. But it would undermine the value of the precautionary principle if this principle were misused to justify unwarranted trade barriers.     

寻找参照：弗·索洛维约夫对中西文化的比较考察

19世纪末俄罗斯哲学家和诗人弗·索洛维约夫在《中国与欧洲》一书中曾对中国古代思想文化作了深入研究,试图发现中西文化的异同,并对两种文化冲突的前景作出预测,希求为俄罗斯文化的发展寻找参照。索洛维约夫的见解中有许多值得我们重视、能给我们以启示的东西,同时也存在因文化隔膜而产生的偏颇。     

历史昭示未来 坚持中国道路——苏联解体的教训及走中国道路的启示

1917年俄国十月革命胜利为中国送来了马克思主义,指引了中国革命的道路,推动了中国社会主义建设朝着正确的方向发展。1991年苏联的不幸解体,可以说是20世纪极 为严重的地缘政治上的劫难,也是国际共产主义运动的一场悲剧。同属于社会主义大国,苏联和中国却出现了截然不同的命运：昔日苏联解体覆亡,今日中国毅然崛起。因此,应 该认真吸取十月革命胜利的经验和苏联解体的历史教训,坚持以马克思主义为指导,坚定地走中国特色社会主义发展道路,不断深化对社会主义建设规律和无产阶级政党执政规律 的认识,坚持执政为民、全面从严治党的党建方略,早日实现中华民族伟大复兴的“中国梦”。     

燕京大学:近代中国医学预科教育的典范

自1925年至1952年,协和医学院委托燕京大学办理医学预科教育?燕京大学充分发挥综合大学的各项优势,为协和医学生在其职业教育前打下坚实的通识教育基础,显示出不同于其他院校医学生培养的特点,为中国医学界培养了大量精英人才,创造了近代中国医学预科教育的奇迹?     

Adaptive paediatric investigation plans,a small step to improve regulatory decision making in drug development for children?

Different arguments have been put forward why drug developers should commit themselves early for what they are planning to do for children. By EU regulation, paediatric investigation plans should be agreed on in early phases of drug development in adults. Here, extrapolation from adults to children is widely applied to reduce the burden and avoids unnecessary clinical trials in children, but early regulatory decisions on how far extrapolation can be used may be highly uncertain. Under special circumstances, the regulatory process should allow for adaptive paediatric investigation plans explicitly foreseeing a re‐evaluation of the early decision based on the information accumulated later from adults or elsewhere. A small step towards adaptivity and learning from experience may improve the quality of regulatory decisions in particular with regard to how much information can be borrowed from adults. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

论前苏联对创建黄埔军校的贡献

本文认为,正是由于苏联的热心倡议和积极敦促,孙中山先生才下决心创办黄埔军校;也正是由于苏联为黄埔军校从组织上提供了优秀的军政干部,从物资上提供了大批的经费和军械,并通过被派往广州的军政顾问,积极参与创建黄埔军校的指导工作,黄埔军校才形成了符合当时需要的办学特点,并能在短期内培养出大批军事人才。总之,苏联是创建黄埔军校的重要动力和得力支柱。     

停滞还是突进:欧洲一体化停滞的另一种考察

在欧洲一体化史家的视野中,欧洲一体化在20世纪60～80年代中期陷入了停滞,但是以法律人格理论来考察,则会得出"在这个时期一体化或欧盟宪政不仅没有陷入停滞状态反而得到了重大发展"的结论。这种发展是以法律为中心内容的单线突进。正是这种突进,为欧盟宪政秩序奠定了坚实的宪法性基础。对于这种发展,可以从法律形式主义、政治与法律辩证的关系以及政策结构等方面来加以解释。     

Administrative Practices in American Unions: A Longitudinal Study

Using data collected from surveys conducted in 1990 and 2000, we examine changes in the administrative practices of US-based national and international unions. We examine the hiring, human resource, financial, strategic planning, and organizational practices and how they have changed over time. We find that unions are changing their staff hiring practices in ways that contribute to workforce professionalization and that unions are moving toward more formal human resource policies and more systematic financial and strategic planning practices. These developments appear to be a reaction to the unions’ changing operating environment and reflect the pressure on union leaders to make effective use of their declining resources.