A MODIFIED AVERAGE DERIVATIVES ESTIMATOR

We extend the average derivatives estimator to the case of functionally dependent regressors. We show that the proposed estimator is consistent and has a limiting normal distribution. A consistent covariance matrix estimator for the proposed estimator is provided.     

《中国图书馆分类法》第四版TP类修订特色浅析

《中图法》第四版采用分类方法和技术进行修订,在TP类中与第三版比较, 其修订特色表现为: 增补大量新类目与新的类目注释;调整类目体系; 修订或规范类名;增加沿革注释;新增加注释等, 从而提高了其科学性和实用性。     

话语系统转换的历史合法性——“五四”文化激进主义与白话文运动

轰轰烈烈的“五四”白话文运动是在“五四”文化激进主义的强力推拥下发生的一种话语系统的历史性转换 ,这种转换已经触及到了中国文化的深层价值系统 ,并推动了中国文化的现代化转型。文化激进主义影响下的“五四”白话文运动绝非倡导者一时的心血来潮 ,而是经过了长时段的历史铺垫 ,是时代激情的结晶 ,其历史合法性来自于对中国文化现代化转型的深刻理解。     

Guidelines for accurate EC50/IC50 estimation

This article provides minimum requirements for having confidence in the accuracy of EC50/IC50 estimates. Two definitions of EC50/IC50s are considered: relative and absolute. The relative EC50/IC50 is the parameter c in the 4-parameter logistic model and is the concentration corresponding to a response midway between the estimates of the lower and upper plateaus. The absolute EC50/IC50 is the response corresponding to the 50% control (the mean of the 0% and 100% assay controls). The guidelines first describe how to decide whether to use the relative EC50/IC50 or the absolute EC50/IC50. Assays for which there is no stable 100% control must use the relative EC50/IC50. Assays having a stable 100% control but for which there may be more than 5% error in the estimate of the 50% control mean should use the relative EC50/IC50. Assays that can be demonstrated to produce an accurate and stable 100% control and less than 5% error in the estimate of the 50% control mean may gain efficiency as well as accuracy by using the absolute EC50/IC50. Next, the guidelines provide rules for deciding when the EC50/IC50 estimates are reportable. The relative EC50/IC50 should only be used if there are at least two assay concentrations beyond the lower and upper bend points. The absolute EC50/IC50 should only be used if there are at least two assay concentrations whose predicted response is less than 50% and two whose predicted response is greater than 50%. A wide range of typical assay conditions are considered in the development of the guidelines.     

情趣的享乐:西方颓废思潮在“五四”的一面投影

五四文人的颓废书写具有多种特点,其中包括以表现情趣的享乐来消解内心的空虚与绝望。这种看似消极的反应,其实不失为对待个体生命的务实态度,因为其前提是对情趣享乐效用的清醒认知。这些文人的艺术抉择多少受到西方颓废唯美观念的影响,但他们的精神和艺术行为最终仍受制于中国的现实原则。     

模因论视角下的大学英语四级写作

本文分析模因复制传播的特点及方式,把模因论引入大学英语四级写作领域,主要通过模仿帮助学生提高英语四级写作能力。     

Biometric technology and beneficiary rights in social protection programmes

Over the past decade, the use of biometric technology in the identification and authentication of beneficiaries of social protection programmes has increased. However, there has been little debate among governments, donors and civil society organizations on the potential implications of this technology in relation to the inclusion of the most vulnerable sectors of the population, as well as for the protection of privacy and personal data. This article aims to fill that gap. First, the article reviews how biometric technology is used in various social protection programmes around the world. Then, it examines the potential risks and challenges of deploying biometric technology in social protection programmes. Finally, it assesses the requirements necessary to ensure that biometric technology is implemented in compliance with international law standards. The focus is on developing countries, where the use of biometric technology in identification systems has increased considerably in recent years. Among the key conclusions of the article is that the adoption of biometric technology, often encouraged by donors, needs to be preceded by democratic debate where all alternatives are discussed. The adoption of this technology should be accompanied by a context‐specific assessment of risks, and the adoption of an appropriate legal and institutional framework to protect rights and ensure that the most vulnerable and disadvantaged members of the population are not excluded.     

How fair are unemployment benefits? The experience of East Asia

Despite an increasing emphasis on active labour market measures, unemployment benefits still remain a focal point of employment protection. This article takes the cases of four East Asian economies – China, Japan, Republic of Korea, Taiwan (China) –, which are often characterized as having welfare states with a strong developmental and productivist orientation, to investigate whether, as is sometimes argued, unemployment benefits are restrictive and exclusionary. In doing so, it examines the logic behind the design of unemployment benefits and argues that they are in fact progressive in design and fair when they pay out. Nonetheless, low effective coverage and low benefit rates weaken their redistribution and compensation objectives.     

Global loss of production capacity caused by the COVID-19 pandemic

The global economy faces a loss of production capacity among the most severe in at least the past half-century as a result of the recession caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. It will take several years of persistent investment efforts to restore the pre-pandemic level of capacity and put global output back to potential. By using a production function based on the incremental capital-output ratio, we estimate the loss of production capacity for the global economy and for the two main world locomotives, the U.S. and China. To do this, we estimate the production capacity implied in our current recession baseline and the capacity that would have existed in the absence of the pandemic (precrisis scenario). The difference between the two estimates is defined as the loss of capacity generated by the pandemic. The results also allow us to extract some policy implications in terms of mitigation measures and investment requirements.