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81.
Becker and Barro (1988) formulated a theoretical model which identified a range of macroeconomic variables which can temporarily
or permanently affect fertility in small open economies. This article tests the Becker-Barro model with relevant data which
covers most of the 20th century for two small open economies, namely The Netherlands and New Zealand. The results show that
government subsidies for having children have a strong positive effect on fertility, while the provision of public pensions
has a strong negative effect. The degree of intergenerational altruism appears to have been declining. Moreover, there is
only weak support for the hypothesis that real interest rates positively influence fertility.
Received: 2 March 1998/Accepted: 1 September 1999 相似文献
82.
Economic growth depends on human resources and human needs. The demographic age structure shapes both of these factors. We
study five-year data from the OECD countries 1950–1990 in the framework of an age structure augmented neoclassical growth
model with gradual technical adjustment. The model performs well in both pooled and panel estimations. The growth patterns
of GDP per worker (labor productivity) in the OECD countries are to a large extent explained by age structure changes. The
50–64 age group has a positive influence, and the group above 65 contributes negatively, while younger age groups have ambiguous
effects. However, the mechanism behind these age effects is not yet resolved.
Received: 16 January 1997/Accepted: 2 July 1998 相似文献
83.
张春勇 《盐城工学院学报(社会科学版)》1998,(2)
用修正法设计任意进制同步计数器是在同步二进制计数器高低位触发器连接具有规律的基础上,改变其中某些位的驱动方程,使之按N进制计数器状态计数.修正法较常规用卡诺图化简——求状态方程——求驱动方程的方法,工作效率大为提高,省去了大量重复的卡诺图化简及繁琐的状态方程,避免人为因素造成的差错. 相似文献
84.
Dan Anderberg 《Journal of population economics》2003,16(1):71-90
This paper uses a model of search unemployment to discuss the interaction between publicly provided insurance and informal
insurance through voluntary income sharing, e.g., between spouses. Income sharing reduces the optimal level of public unemployment
insurance. While it is always individually rational for partners to share income, the effect of voluntary income sharing on
welfare will be negative unless partners can either observe each other's search behavior or are sufficiently altruistic towards
each other. The model is also used to examine a family-based policy. The welfare gains from using such policy are argued to
be small.
Received: 14 December 2000/Accepted: 5 November 2001 相似文献
85.
Ethnic minorities in England and Wales are spatially concentrated in relatively-deprived urban areas. Both geographic clustering
and the economic characteristics of ethnically-concentrated neighbourhoods can impact upon the opportunities and constraints
facing residents of such areas. This paper explores the relationship between the existence of enclaves and the employment
prospects of ethnic minorities in England and Wales. It is shown that there is considerable spatial variation in employment
outcomes. There is a lower incidence of self-employment in more ethnically-concentrated urban areas, which contradicts the
view of ethnic entrepreneurship as an enclave phenomenon. Unemployment rates are also higher for minorities living in more
concentrated areas. Enclaves in England and Wales do not appear to offer many economic benefits to minority individuals.
Received: 31 December 1999/Accepted: 27 November 2000 相似文献
86.
Family size and optimal income taxation 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
This paper studies the role of family size in the design of optimal income taxation. We consider a second best setting where
the government observes the number of children and the income of the parents but not their productivity. With a linear tax schedule the marginal tax rate is shown to decrease with the number of children, while the relationship between the demogrant
and family size appears to be ambiguous. With two ability levels, optimal non-linear income tax implies zero marginal tax rates for the higher ability parents; low ability parents have positive marginal tax rates that
decrease with family size.
Received: 4 September 2000/Accepted: 17 May 2001 相似文献
87.
Wolfgang Franz 《Allgemeines Statistisches Archiv》2005,89(2):141-158
Zusammenfassung: Dieser Beitrag beleuchtet aus der Sicht der wirtschaftspolitischen Beratung einige Anforderungen an die Arbeitsmarkt?konomik
und Arbeitsmarktstatistik. Drei Bereiche werden angesprochen: die Arbeitslosenstatistik, die Tariflohnpolitik und die aktive
Arbeitsmarktpolitik. Dabei werden zun?chst die Bemühungen hinsichtlich einer realistischeren Erfassung der Unterbesch?ftigung
gewürdigt, zugleich aber Hinweise auf Verbesserungsm?glichkeiten gegeben. Anforderungen an die amtliche Statistik ergeben
sich des Weiteren hinsichtlich der Tarifentgelte. In diesem Zusammenhang wird die Umsetzung der Erkenntnisse der Arbeitsmarkt?konomik
in eine lohnpolitische Orientierungshilfe skizziert. Schlie?lich erfolgt eine kritische Einsch?tzung des Erfolgs der aktiven
Arbeitsmarktpolitik, wobei eine zunehmende Willigkeit zur Bereitstellung der für die Evaluation erforderlichen Daten konstatiert
werden kann.
Summary: This paper deals with three demands on labor economics and labor statistics put forward from the point of view of an advisor to economic policy. Despite several improvements of unemployment statistics, a lot of work remains to be done. With respect to wage policy attempts by the German Council of Economic Experts are discussed how to formulate a guidance for wage policy both on scientific grounds and understandable by the public. Finally, a critical assessment of active labor market policies is presented together with a plea for adequate individual data in order to carry out a sound evaluation of these policies.
* Vortrag für die „Statistische Woche“, die Jahrestagung der Deutschen Statistischen Gesellschaft am 20. September 2004 in Frankfurt/Main. Der Vortragsstil wurde beibehalten. Die hier vorgetragenen Auffassungen liegen allein in der Verantwortung des Autors und stellen nicht notwendigerweise die Auffassungen anderer Institutionen dar. Ich danke Bernd Fitzenberger (Universit?t Frankfurt/Main und ZEW), Joachim M?ller (Universit?t Regensburg), Bernhard Boockmann und Tobias Hagen (ZEW), Irmtraud Beuerlein und Dirk Heinlein (Statistisches Bundesamt) für hilfreiche Kommentare und Anregungen. Verbleibende M?ngel gehen—leider—zu meinen Lasten. 相似文献
88.
Jean‐Baptiste Michau 《Journal of the European Economic Association》2013,11(6):1320-1347
This paper emphasizes the two‐way causality between the provision of unemployment insurance and the cultural transmission of civicness. The returns to being uncivic are increasing in the generosity of unemployment insurance; but this generosity is decreasing in the number of uncivic individuals. In this context, I determine the evolution of preferences across generations and show that cultural heterogeneity is sustained over the long‐run. The dynamics of cultural transmission can generate a long lag between the introduction of unemployment insurance and an increase in people's willingness to live off government‐provided benefits. Hence, it offers an explanation to the ‘European unemployment puzzle’ due to the coexistence of generous unemployment insurance and low unemployment in the 1950s and 1960s. 相似文献
89.
Gemai Chen 《Revue canadienne de statistique》1996,24(3):363-372
Very often in regression analysis, a particular functional form connecting known covariates and unknown parameters is either suggested by previous work or demanded by theoretical considerations so that the deterministic part of the responses has a known form. However, the underlying error structure is often less well understood. In this case, the transform-both-sides (TBS) models are appropriate. In this paper we generalize the usual TBS models and develop tests to assess goodness of fit when fitting TBS or GTBS models. Parameter estimation is discussed, and tests based on the Cramér-von Mises statistic and the Anderson-Darling statistic are presented with a table suitable for finite-sample applications. 相似文献
90.
This paper presents Monte Carlo experiments on the small sample performance of the predictive test for structural change proposed by Ghysels and Hall. The predictive test was found to be more powerful than the overidentifying restrictions test in terms of size-corrected power when a shift in parameter has occurred. Also, it was found that the power of the predictive test decreases drastically as the number of the out-sample data decreases. 相似文献