试论法律推理的标准化

造成同案不同判现象的原因主要有:法律规定不明确;对法条之间关系的误读;在法律规则适用时推理不充分;证据规则运用失误,错置举证责任等。应通过最大限度地确定法律概念的内涵和外延,以使法律处于明确和有序的状态;加大法典的编撰力度,完备法典的体系结构;加强制度建设,强化检察机关的司法监督职能以及加强举证责任认定的标准化等途径来解决该问题。     

Children's and Adolescents' Decisions about Sharing Money with Others

Two hundred and ninety-four participants aged between 7 and 17 years of age were asked to share out money between themselves and another, imaginary group. Individual responses were recorded as well as responses after discussion in a group with two other participants. The distribution task took place in two different experimental conditions that either gave participants a free choice about how much to offer to the other group or involved making a strategic offer to avoid the other group rejecting an offer and losing all the money. From 10 years of age onwards, when allowed to choose freely how much to share, boys made progressively less generous offers than girls whereas girls' offers remained the same with age. However, when inter-group strategic constraints were present, there were few gender differences from 10 years of age. The order in which games were presented was a powerful influence on the offers that participants made.     

判决理由的正当性证明与法律推理

在司法实践中，判决的正当性来源于判决理由的正当性，判决理由的正当性则与法律推理密切相关。实践证明运用法律推理进行说理，将法官判决的整个过程充分呈现，可以获得判决理由的正当性证明。借助于法律推理方法实现判决理由的正当性证明是可行的，也是必要的。判决理由的正当性证明就是法律推理形式上与实质上的合法性与合理性证明，是法律推理前提和结论形成过程的推导证明。通过法律推理对判决理由进行正当性证明，可以增强判决文书的说服力，有助于判决目的的最终实现。     

从反本质主义角度看逻辑哲学中心问题的消解

历史地审视逻辑哲学的两个主要流派——逻辑心理主义和形式主义,两者在19世纪末至20世纪末的人类思想史上都有重要意义,不仅激起很多重要的讨论,也孕育了无数崭新的理论和方法。详细梳理心理主义的理论历程,可以看到在现代哲学反本质主义的挑战之下,人类思想家寻找"确定性"——不论是恒常真还是稳定的心理状态——的努力逐渐被寻找仅具有局部解释力的理论以及对交往理性的强调所取代,这两个流派之间的争论必将变得无足轻重。     

An Evidential Reasoning‐Based CREAM to Human Reliability Analysis in Maritime Accident Process

This article proposes a modified cognitive reliability and error analysis method (CREAM) for estimating the human error probability in the maritime accident process on the basis of an evidential reasoning approach. This modified CREAM is developed to precisely quantify the linguistic variables of the common performance conditions and to overcome the problem of ignoring the uncertainty caused by incomplete information in the existing CREAM models. Moreover, this article views maritime accident development from the sequential perspective, where a scenario‐ and barrier‐based framework is proposed to describe the maritime accident process. This evidential reasoning‐based CREAM approach together with the proposed accident development framework are applied to human reliability analysis of a ship capsizing accident. It will facilitate subjective human reliability analysis in different engineering systems where uncertainty exists in practice.     

法律中实践推理的内涵及其运行

实践推理是法律推理方法的综合指标 ,也是认识和完善法律推理的重大课题 ,具有实践性、逻辑性和方法论等特质。法律领域中的实践推理以法哲学和法律社会学为理论基础 ,以对规范的分析和判断为推理客体 ,以权利义务为思维方式的焦点 ,以体系化、安全性为评判标准。实践推理的适用对象、构成要素和运行过程是在逻辑推理和经验的基础上的理性选择的三个方面 ,实践推理的基本范式体现为法官直觉、知识背景、逻辑结构和思维等四个部分。实践推理运行从观念中的目的开始 ,经过主体的法律思维活动 ,最终达到理想的判决结论 ,以此达到控制法官恣意的理性目的     

演绎推理的准确表述与另一类非演绎推理——兼论数学证明中的推理

在数学推理中，除演绎推理外，尚存在另一类推理；也就是逻辑学中增加了从数学推理中揭示出的另一类推理；并且对演绎推理的传统表述进行了澄清，作出准确的表述。     

儿童归纳推理的多样性效应研究现状及展望

归纳推理具有许多心理效应,如多样性效应、典型性效应和单调性效应等。其中多样性效应及研究方法备受关注,已有研究通过寻找证据、论断力度判别、属性扩展与归宿选择等方法来研究多样性效应。有关儿童归纳推理多样性效应的国内外研究表明儿童的归纳推理主要是受知识经验的影响,而不是受机制问题的影响。人格特质因素和属性可见性对儿童归纳推理多样性也有影响,并且国内外研究结论略有不同,显示多样性效应具有年龄差异与跨文化比较的特点。     

On the Relation of Personal Experience to Early Adolescents' Reasoning About Best Friendship Deterioration

The primary goal of this study was to investigate the association between early adolescents' generalized beliefs about the causes of best friendship deterioration and dissolution and conflict experiences in their own best friendships. An additional goal was to assess whether early adolescents' self-esteem moderated this association. Participants listed their beliefs about the causes of best friendship deterioration and dissolution, indicated whether conflicts described in a series of vignettes had occurred in one of their best friendships, and described two conflicts they had experienced in their best friendships. They also judged the seriousness of the vignette and personally experienced conflicts. As predicted, early adolescents included conflict issues they had experienced personally more frequently in their causal inventories than conflict issues that they had not experienced personally. However, contrary to predictions, the perceived seriousness of the conflicts did not influence their inclusion in participants' causal inventories. While high and low self-esteem adolescents had similar beliefs about the causes of best friendship deterioration and dissolution, low self-esteem adolescents perceived their conflicts as more serious and their friendships as more fragile.     

张澜在保路运动中与赵尔丰首次说理交锋时间考

张澜是四川保路运动的领导者之一，曾与清廷新任川督赵尔丰展开针锋相对的斗争，成为引发辛亥革命的重要人物。关于张澜与赵尔丰首次说理交锋的时间，学界有三种说法，究竟哪种说法正确，成为研究张澜应该解决的重要问题之一。本文在考订大量历史文献的基础上，提出了作者的看法。