论明清时期的酒包装

从文献、传世与考古出土实物及图像等相关史料看,明清时期酒包装容器在用材种类、造型形态、装饰及加工制作工艺等方面均有长足的发展。而造成酒包装发展变化的原因主要是商品生产的大量出现、社会文化的繁荣、造纸印刷技术的进步以及手工业生产制度的完善和酿酒行业的品牌出现等。     

翻译教师实践能力提升策略研究

随着翻译本科和翻译硕士的大量设立,翻译教师队伍日益壮大。许多英语语言文学教师变身为翻译教师,他们翻译实践少,实践能力薄弱,这直接影响到翻译教学质量。因此如何提升翻译实践能力已成为广大翻译教师的当务之急。本文从教育教学部门、翻译院系和翻译教师个人等三方入手,提出通过职称评审改革、教学管理配套政策支持和翻译教师个人努力等多个渠道来形成合力,全面提升翻译教师实践能力,提升翻译教学质量。     

Workload Process,Waiting Times,and Sojourn Times in a Discrete Time MMAP[K]/SM[K]/1/FCFS Queue

Abstract

In this paper, we study the total workload process and waiting times in a queueing system with multiple types of customers and a first-come-first-served service discipline. An M/G/1 type Markov chain, which is closely related to the total workload in the queueing system, is constructed. A method is developed for computing the steady state distribution of that Markov chain. Using that steady state distribution, the distributions of total workload, batch waiting times, and waiting times of individual types of customers are obtained. Compared to the GI/M/1 and QBD approaches for waiting times and sojourn times in discrete time queues, the dimension of the matrix blocks involved in the M/G/1 approach can be significantly smaller.     

A Markov regime‐switching model for crude‐oil markets: Comparison of composite likelihood and full likelihood

We use the two‐state Markov regime‐switching model to explain the behaviour of the WTI crude‐oil spot prices from January 1986 to February 2012. We investigated the use of methods based on the composite likelihood and the full likelihood. We found that the composite‐likelihood approach can better capture the general structural changes in world oil prices. The two‐state Markov regime‐switching model based on the composite‐likelihood approach closely depicts the cycles of the two postulated states: fall and rise. These two states persist for on average 8 and 15 months, which matches the observed cycles during the period. According to the fitted model, drops in oil prices are more volatile than rises. We believe that this information can be useful for financial officers working in related areas. The model based on the full‐likelihood approach was less satisfactory. We attribute its failure to the fact that the two‐state Markov regime‐switching model is too rigid and overly simplistic. In comparison, the composite likelihood requires only that the model correctly specifies the joint distribution of two adjacent price changes. Thus, model violations in other areas do not invalidate the results. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 41: 353–367; 2013 © 2013 Statistical Society of Canada     

Robust location estimation with missing data

In a missing data setting, we have a sample in which a vector of explanatory variables ${\bf x}_i$ is observed for every subject i, while scalar responses $y_i$ are missing by happenstance on some individuals. In this work we propose robust estimators of the distribution of the responses assuming missing at random (MAR) data, under a semiparametric regression model. Our approach allows the consistent estimation of any weakly continuous functional of the response's distribution. In particular, strongly consistent estimators of any continuous location functional, such as the median, L‐functionals and M‐functionals, are proposed. A robust fit for the regression model combined with the robust properties of the location functional gives rise to a robust recipe for estimating the location parameter. Robustness is quantified through the breakdown point of the proposed procedure. The asymptotic distribution of the location estimators is also derived. The proofs of the theorems are presented in Supplementary Material available online. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 41: 111–132; 2013 © 2012 Statistical Society of Canada     

Bounded influence estimation for regression and scale

Bednarski and Müller [Optimal bounded influence regression and scale M-estimators in the context of experimental design, Statistics 35 (2001), pp. 349–369] introduced a class of bounded influence M estimates for the simultaneous estimation of regression and scale in the linear model with normal errors by solving the corresponding normal location and scale problem at each design point. This limits the proposal to regressor distributions with finite support. Based on their approach, we propose a slightly extended class of M estimates that is not restricted to finite support and is numerically easier to handle. Moreover, we employ the even more general class of asymptotically linear (AL) estimators which, in addition, is not restricted to normal errors. The superiority of AL estimates is demonstrated by numerical comparisons of the maximum asymptotic mean-squared error over infinitesimal contamination neighbourhoods.     

论洛杉矶文学先锋创作：詹姆斯·凯恩和 霍勒斯·麦科伊

凯恩和麦科伊被称作洛杉矶文学开拓先锋,他们的创作存在许多相似之处。首先,他们有着相似的城市经历。其次,他们作品中的主人公都没有归属感,都是无根之人。 他们背离自己的生命之源土地,被蛊惑来到这片精神贫瘠之地寻找希望和梦想。在这片梦幻的空间,人类基本的关系遭受了巨大的冲击以致最终崩溃。这两位作家赋予洛杉矶一种 全新的文学身份。