Governing the Global Land Grab: What role for Gender in the Voluntary Guidelines and the Principles for Responsible Investment?

The heightened interest in large-scale foreign agricultural investment in regions with ‘unused’ arable land has triggered a great deal of international attention. Concerns about ‘land grabbing’ have initiated efforts at the global level to establish standards for ‘responsible investment’ and good governance. These initiatives warrant critical examination given the social, political, and economic inequalities to which they are designed to respond, yet the scholarship on these initiatives frequently fails to incorporate gendered analyses. This article argues that gendered analysis of the governance of land grabs not only belongs at the local level—where it continues to yield important insights into how gender inequality is manifested in various forms of local governance—but that it is sorely needed at the global level as well. As such, this article begins an assessment of these governance frameworks and how they consider local realities, with particular attention to gender-based inequalities.     

中国古代慈善事业的发展特点

中国古代慈善事业在漫长的历史发展过程中不但逐渐形成了庞杂而丰富的思想体系,而且其慈善主体也实现了从最初单纯的国家慈善到以国家慈善为主、宗族慈善和宗教慈善为重要补充的多元化发展过程。另外,中国古代慈善事业的发展轨迹还明显具备与整个中国古代社会兴衰相表里的重要特点。     

Variables Affecting Patient Satisfaction with Health Care Services in the College Health Setting

Abstract

Patient satisfaction with health care services is an important factor in health care delivery. It will significantly influence whether or not a patient seeks medical care, complies with prescribed treatment, and/or maintains a continuing relationship with a medical practitioner.

A survey questionnaire, relating patient satisfaction with a number of variables identified through a literature review, was mailed to a random sample of 500 students utilizing Student Health Service (SHS) at Kent State University (KSU) during the five week study period. The data obtained would be utilized to help with planning future health care services and staff inservice education programs.

The findings of this survey indicate that patient satisfaction has a statistically significant correlation with perceived technical competence of the practitioner and perceived adequacy of the interpersonal aspects of the practitioner-patient relationship. A significant relationship did not exist between satisfaction and expectations the patient holds of the practitioner's role performance. A statistically significant relationship was found to exist between receiving health information/education related to diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment plan and satisfaction with health care services. This relationship did not hold for health information/education related to activity restrictions or preventive measures. The study also revealed that time waited during the medical care encounter was inversely related to satisfaction. Last, stepwise regression found that perceived technical competence of the practitioner was the most important variable influencing patient satisfaction with health care services.

This study provides data about factors important to personal satisfaction with health care services for a selected group of college students.     

Standards of Care for the Treatment of Adult Sex Offenders

Abstract

A proposed version of these standards was first produced and published in the Journal of Offender Rehabilitation through input from professional meetings (Coleman & Dwyer, 1990). Since that time, The Standards of Care were reviewed and revised by a group of professionals and unanimously endorsed by voice vote by the participants in the Third International Congress on the Treatment of Sex Offenders held in Minneapolis, MN, September 20–22, 1994. These Standards were again published in the Journal of Offender Rehabilitation (Coleman, Dwyer, Abel, Berner, Breiling, Hindman, Honey-Knopp, Langevin, & Pfäfflin, 1996). Those Standards have been subsequently reviewed by the current authors at the Fifth International Conference on the Treatment of Sex Offenders held in Caracas, Venezuela, March 22–27, 1998 and minor modifications and changes were incorporated into this version. The authors invite feedback from readers. Further revisions are anticipated and will be reviewed by current committee members and at future International Conferences on the Treatment of Sexual Offenders.     

Midwives must,obstetricians may: An ethnographic exploration of how policy documents organise intrapartum fetal monitoring practice

BackgroundThe capacity for midwifery to improve maternity care is under-utilised. Midwives have expressed limits on their autonomy to provide quality care in relation to intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring.AimTo explore how the work of midwives and obstetricians was textually structured by policy documents related to intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring.MethodsInstitutional Ethnography, a critical qualitative approach was used. Data were collected in an Australian hospital with a central fetal monitoring system. Midwives (n = 34) and obstetricians (n = 16) with experience working with the central fetal monitoring system were interviewed and observed. Policy documents were collected and analysed.FindingsMidwives’ work was strongly structured by policy documents that required escalation of care for any CTG abnormality. Prior to being able to escalate care, midwives were often interrupted by other clinicians uninvited entry into the room in response to the CTG seen at the central monitoring station. While the same collection of documents guided the work of both obstetricians and midwives, they generated the expectation that midwives must perform certain tasks while obstetricians may perform others. Midwifery work was textually invisible.Discussion and conclusionOur findings provide a concrete example of the way policy documents both reflect and generate power imbalances in maternity care. Obstetric ways of knowing and doing are reinforced within these documents and continue to diminish the visibility and autonomy of midwifery. Midwifery organisations are well placed to co-lead policy development and reform in collaboration with maternity consumer and obstetric organisations.     

理想的量刑制度

根据1984的量刑改革法案,美国量刑委员会为联邦刑事法律系统制定了量刑指南。但该指南既没有满足法案的期待,也没有提供一个全面性的、可操作性的制度。一个现代的、有原则的和可操作的量刑制度,应当明确首要的目标和必要的起草原则;还应当构建一个可向理想性制度转化的可操作性制度,并鼓励这个制度保持其运用的内在一致性以及能够不断的改良。     

行政指导基本问题研究

作为行政法上一类非强制性的行政作用,行政指导不仅与传统依法行政理念相契合,而且其存在本身即预示着传统行政模式的转型,符合现代社会对政府治理的需求。当下,我国应当谨慎地实施行政指导,并以过程的公开化、内容的科学化以及救济的类型化为基点,逐步将行政指导纳入法治化的轨道。     

邓小平法制思想是实现中国传统法制转型的理论指导

邓小平法制思想是邓小平理论的重要组成部分。邓小平在深刻总结中国传统法制经验教训的基础上 ,以其敏锐的战略眼光 ,提出了一系列深刻丰富的法制思想 ,为我们指出了中国传统法制转型的基本目标和具体途径 ,邓小平法制思想成为中国传统法制转型的理论指导     

原生态文化项目产业化过程中的特殊矛盾分析

目前,我国不少原生态文化项目进入生产领域,但其市场性生产所依托的资源或技术一般是传统的。这些传统资源或技术是既定的和特殊性的,从而与货币性的“同质化”财富（资本）生产的市场经济路径之间的某些因素形成矛盾,体现了原生态文化产业化的特殊性,反映了原生态文化活动和发展的规律性。具体包括：文化自身价值目标与商业价值目标的分割和张力;原貌性保持与重构性消费之间的对立和张力;独特性价值保持与普适性传播之间的矛盾和张力。基于此,原生态文化的市场化开发,应解决文化传承与经济需要的双重目标和任务,应在生产性保护中构制文化载体的经典性和传承性,应注重传统维度与现代维度的平衡性,保持开发的适度性。     

主导产业选择分析

本文对主导产业的定义与发展特性进行了探讨,分析了主导产业的选择基准与约束条件;同时,对日本、中国香港主导产业选择进行了考察,并针对徐州都市经济圈的实际,提出了若干政策建议.