均衡战略:西部大开发的新思路

西部大开发最重要的是思路。如果西部不能摆脱权力化操作和资源资本化的旧路 ,西部不会有一个有效的发展 ,西部的现代化也难以实现。西部既不能实行机械的赶超战略 ,也不能实行单纯的比较优势战略。西部总体上应确立建立在可利用优势之上的均衡发展战略。西部大开发作为中国的两个大局之一 ,不能孤立地进行 ,必须和另一个大局结合考虑 ,形成开发开放的深层联动。形成三条充分开放链条 ,构建区域化的动态效益格局     

“剩女”婚配困境的生成、限度及突破：一种博弈视角

当代“剩女”队伍不断壮大,越来越引发众多学者的关注,女性在职业复出与婚姻回归之间的心理纠结,加剧了女性婚恋的紧张。文章从博弈视角切入,得出女性依据传统婚配机制与诉求取向进行婚配博弈,形成一种婚配困境的纳什均衡。婚配帕累托改进可以在“剩女”数量激增与婚配市场失效的情况下实现,可以从婚配梯度与错位中转变,促使两性交往方式与取向进行调整。     

从马克思到现代均衡:一个理论综述

均衡和非均衡分析是现代经济学的主流分析范式。马克思均衡理论是一个以劳动价值论为核心,将局部均衡、一般均衡、宏观均衡和非均衡分析统一的逻辑体系,与现代均衡非均衡理论有本质的区别。马克思均衡与一般均衡两种理论的论争,在进行社会主义市场经济建设,借鉴现代西方经济学理论工具,拓展对马克思经济学的研究中意义重大。     

移动运营商与银行卡组织在移动支付市场的博弈

尽管移动支付具有广阔的市场前景，但面临着运营模式不清晰的发展瓶颈，其中，移动运营商和银行卡组织之间的协作成为重点。本文建立了两者之间的博弈模型，并结合实际情况对纳什均衡解进行了系统分析，指出双方可能的合作模式及影响因素。     

大战略集博弈的适应性均衡及其求法

“象棋博弈之谜”表明 ,当一个博弈的战略集大到超过人的有限理性、有限计算能力和有限时间时 ,这个博弈呈现复杂的特性 ,因此 ,按照“最优战略选择”的常规办法无法求出其均衡解 ,必须借助复杂性理论的办法。一种可行的办法是借助复杂适应系统理论 (CAS) ,通过定义生成战略的规则集并对其进行信用分派 ,并以此对大战略集中的战略进行信用评估 ,将大战略集转化为一个小战略集———高信用战略子集 ,从而通过按常规方法求出小战略集博弈的均衡解来求出大战略集博弈的适应性均衡解。这种适应性均衡是一种魏里希型联合自我支持的 ,可能不是最优但是在复杂性下可行的稳定均衡。     

论中国社会保险激励机制的构建——基于企业视角的分析

激励机制的缺失,使企业和政府在社会保险缴费的博弈过程中产生了目标分歧和各自的博弈对策,导致了企业和政府之间的囚徒困境。实证结果显示,我国目前缺失社会保险激励机制的构造条件。树立正确的社会保险理念、合理确定企业缴费水平等是我国现有国情下构建激励相容的社会保险制度的有效路径。     

Coordination of Supply Chains with Risk‐Averse Agents

The extant supply chain management literature has not addressed the issue of coordination in supply chains involving risk‐averse agents. We take up this issue and begin with defining a coordinating contract as one that results in a Pareto‐optimal solution acceptable to each agent. Our definition generalizes the standard one in the risk‐neutral case. We then develop coordinating contracts in three specific cases: (i) the supplier is risk neutral and the retailer maximizes his expected profit subject to a downside risk constraint; (ii) the supplier and the retailer each maximizes his own mean‐variance trade‐off; and (iii) the supplier and the retailer each maximizes his own expected utility. Moreover, in case (iii), we show that our contract yields the Nash Bargaining solution. In each case, we show how we can find the set of Pareto‐optimal solutions, and then design a contract to achieve the solutions. We also exhibit a case in which we obtain Pareto‐optimal sharing rules explicitly, and outline a procedure to obtain Pareto‐optimal solutions.     

Free testosterone by direct and calculated measurement versus equilibrium dialysis in a clinical population

Abstract

Introduction: The value of clinically available free testosterone (FT) assays remains controversial. Here, we evaluate the agreement between the radioimmunoassay (RIA) and calculated FT (cFT) versus equilibrium dialysis (EqD), considered the gold standard.

Methods: Fifty-six consecutive men (aged 26–77) had blood samples assessed for FT, including men with treated and untreated testosterone deficiency (TD) and men without TD. Samples were split and tested by the two methodologies at a Quest Diagnostics national reference laboratory. cFT was calculated by the Vermeulen method.

Results: A robust correlation was noted for RIA and EqD (r?=?0.966) and for cFT and EqD (r?=?0.986). Strong correlations were observed for men receiving testosterone therapy and for men in the lowest and highest quartiles for total and FT. The correlation of total testosterone with FT was similar for cFT (r?=?0.843), RIA (r?=?0.806), and EqD (r?=?0.809). Sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG) was not correlated with any measure of FT. Bland–Altman analysis demonstrated similar bias for both cFT and RIA, although cFT consistently overestimated FT. Numerical values for RIA were approximately one seventh of EqD values.

Conclusions: These results support the clinical use of both RIA and cFT as measures of FT. Due to numerical differences, each test requires its own set of reference values.     

Binary 2 × 2 games

The 2 × 2 game is the simplest interactive decision model that portrays concerned decision makers with genuine choices. There are two players, each of whom must choose one of two strategies, so that there are four possible outcomes. Binary 2 × 2 games are 2 × 2 games with no restrictions on the players' preference relations over the outcomes. They therefore generalize the strict ordinal 2 × 2 games and the ordinal 2 × 2 games, classes which have already been studied extensively. This paper enumerates the strategically distinct binary 2 × 2 games. It also identifies important subsets defined by the number of pure Nash equilibria and the occurrence of dominant strategies.     

Tacit Coordination in Choice Between Certain Outcomes in Endogenously Determined Lotteries

Tacit coordination is studied in a class of games in which each of n = 20 players is required to choose between two courses of actions. The first action offers each player a fixed outcome whereas the second presents her the opportunity of participating in a lottery with probabilities that are determined endogenously. Across multiple iterations of the game and trial-to-trial changes in the composition of the lottery, we observe a remarkably good coordination on the aggregate but not individual level. We further observe systematic deviations from the Nash equilibrium solution that are accounted for quite well by a simple adaptive learning model.