试论认知语境对手机短信人际交流的影响

认知语用学为话语研究提供了新的理论支持。本文运用认知语境的四大要素（情景知识、语言上下文知识、背景知识和社会表征）来解释其对手机短信人际交流的影响,从而得出这四大要素是如何参与短信话语含义的推导以及其动态的激活过程。     

论人民代表大会制度民主水平的提升

人民代表大会制度是我国的根本政治制度,是实现人民当家作主、国家长治久安的根本保障。健全人民代表大会制度,是建设有中国特色的社会主义民主政治的根本途径。提升“人大民主”水平,一是理顺党与人大的关系,落实宪法赋予人民代表大会的职权;二是加强人大对“一府两院”的监督,真正发挥人民代表大会作为国家权力机关的作用;三是完善人民代表大会的组织制度,保证人大代表真正由人民选举产生,代表人民行使权力,受人民监督。     

资源委员会的事业认知

每一种组织,由于自身特殊的环境条件,都会形成由自我意识所构成的精神文化体系。对资源委员会来讲,这一文化体系集中体现在三个方面：首先,在对国营事业的理解方面,他们坚信发达国家资本,发展国营事业是中国工业化的必由之路。其次,通过多种形式的宣传灌输,塑造“公、诚、拼”的国营事业精神,不断强化组织成员对自己事业的认同和对事业应有精神和文化的体认,从而彰显出这一组织价值观念的独特个性。再次,资委会的技术官僚,不同于其它政府官员,他们的目标在于借行政舞台,圆富国强国的梦想。他们虽跻身官僚之列,但却不是以“官”的职能在那里活动,而是以企业者、专家或技术人员的身份在那里活动。因此,他们忠诚于民族国家而不是政府长官或某一阶级政党。正是这些精神文化因素使资委会与国民政府其它行政机构区别开来,并成为国民政府执政时期的一个亮点。     

“哥们儿”称谓的使用状况与文化内涵

“哥们儿”称呼主要是在城市青少年、中年群体中流行的一种带有时尚性的社交称谓语;它的使用者和称谓对象主要是男性,但也有部分女性用之称呼同性好友或熟识的男性;它并不只是文化素质低的人所用称谓,而是为干部、学生、工人等各职业等集团的人所用。“哥们儿”的运用受语境的制约较大,它通常用于较随便的生活场合,而不用于郑重的公务场合;它呆用于朋友、同事、浅识者、陌生人等各种年龄差距不大的社交对象,但一般不用于亲属关系、上下级关系。它的功能在于营造轻松随便的社交气氛,并联络、亲近交际双方的感情。     

美国国家安全委员会6008／1号文件的形成

由于50年代中后期国际形势变化和日本实力的迅速增长,美国被迫重新考虑对日战略问题。在新美日安全条约签订后,美国统治集团的经过充分讨论估价,终于通过于国家安全委员会6008／1号文件,这一文件的基本原则成为此后美国对日政策的核心。     

中共六大苏维埃政权建设中群众思想的当代价值

中共六大在探索苏维埃政权建设的过程中,更加注重工农群众主体地位的巩固和能动作用的发挥,较为系统地论述了政权建设中的群众思想。其着重从四个方面加以阐述,形成了以实现好、维护好和发展好最广大人民群众的根本利益为政权建设的根本出发点和落脚点;尊重和激发人民群众的主体创造潜能为推动政权建设的内生动力;解决好人民群众最直接、最现实、最关心的民生问题为政权建设的着力点;始终坚持群众思想、践行群众路线为政权建设的根本路线方针等为主体内容的群众思想,对当代政权建设中的群众路线实践具有重要的理论价值和现实意义。     

German fathers and their preferences for shorter working hours for family reasons

This study is among the first to analyze fathers’ preference for shorter working hours specifying that the preference is related to the wish to spend more time with the family. Assuming that preferences are context-dependent, this article explores the relevance of the family and workplace context for preference formation. We develop need-based and capability-based arguments to contrast the job demands–resources approach and the capabilities approach in work–family research. Using a sample of 632 fathers from the German LEEP-B3 data with a representative linked employer–employee design for large work organizations we conclude that fathers’ preferences for shorter working hours are indeed context-dependent and that there is more evidence for need-based arguments than opportunity based arguments. Our results indicate that fathers with young children and fathers with high work demands are more likely to desire shorter working hours, whereas a reduction in working hours appears to be unnecessary for fathers who can satisfactorily reconcile work and family life through support from their supervisors. In contrast to capability-based arguments the perception of a highly demanding work culture was not found to decrease but increase the likelihood to desire to work shorter hours.     

Piloting a social work doctoral programme: Ukraine’s vignette

In Ukraine the last decade was marked by significant changes in social work education development that evidence its academization and professionalization. International cooperation was a useful catalyst in these processes. The above has specific implications for developing the three cycles of social work education in Ukraine – Bachelor, Master and PhD programmes. Implemented in 2009–2012, an international project involving six European countries supported piloting of the first PhD programme in social work in Ukraine. This programme encountered a set of challenges that originated from the particularities of social work education in Ukraine and the broader academic context. Participatory observations and reflections demonstrate the challenges evident in Global North–Global South professional relations. Ukrainian social work education history evidences permanent localization of the international standards and experiences that have had various effects on social work academization.     

Impact of support networks for breastfeeding: A multicentre study

Background

The rates of breastfeeding worldwide are slowly improving since 1996. Europe is still trailing behind the global breastfeeding incidence and prevalence rates. Thus, breastfeeding promotion, protection, prolongation and support have become an important challenge as breastfeeding sharply decreases in the first six months of life.