对"亚当·斯密问题"三个逻辑层面的解读

"亚当·斯密问题"有不同的逻辑层面.在个别层面上,斯密问题是他的经济与伦理学的关系;在特殊层面上,它是资本主义与资本主义伦理的关系;在普遍层面上,它是人类社会的经济与伦理的一般关系.在这些逻辑层面上,斯密问题经历了一个动态发展的历史过程.     

Risk-averse and risk-taking newsvendors: a conditional expected value approach

Introduction  We consider a company sourcing a product with short life cycle to stock using the framework of the newsvendor model. Traditionally, risk-neutral inventory managers are considered optimizing the expected cost or profit. But experimental findings state that the actual quantity ordered deviates from the optimal quantity derived from the classical newsvendor model. Model  Recently, the newsvendor model with objectives different from maximizing expected profit has been an active field of research. Here, we propose a newsvendor model where the inventory manager can control internal and customer-oriented performance measures. The objective function is a convex combination of conditional expected values of low and high profits, respectively. Results   We give a qualitative characterization of the optimal order quantity and the resulting performance measures in dependence of the model parameters. A risk-averse inventory manager cannot Pareto-dominate a risk-neutral or risk-taking inventory manager with respect to the expected profit and the level of product availability. Finally, the risk preferences of the inventory manager are expressed as a function of the profit value of the product with respect to the level of product availability and the probability of loss, respectively.      

当前“三农”工作存在的问题及对策

农业、农村、农民问题是中国经济的基本问题.重视并认真解决"三农"问题对于加快农村经济和社会发展具有重要意义.     

一类四阶非线性常微分方程的周期边值问题的存在性

本文利用Schauder不动点定理结出了一类四阶非线性常微分方程的周期边值问题．y（4）＝f（x,y,y＂）y（0）＝y（1）,y＇（0）＝y＇（1）,y＂（0）＝y＂（1）,y＂（0）＝y（1）存在解的充分条件．     

人口素质与可持续发展

本文阐述了人口素质与可持续发展的关系     

Incoterms(国贸术语解释通则)序言上的问题和修正方案

在经过修订的1990通则的基础上形成的Incoterms 2000由13个部分构成,是考虑到自由关税区的扩大、商业交易中电子通信方式使用范围的扩大、运输惯例的变化等,根据流通中不能运输文件活用的增加和多种运输技法的变化,以Incoterms1990为基础进行修正的,因此反映了现有国际贸易惯例,是对比今后相当长的时期的修正.尽管如此,和其它的法则一样,不能涉及所有需要管理的内容.Incoterms 2000的绪论部分在对通则的解释中起到重要引导作用,它由22个项目组成的,通过此绪论我们提出了若干的问题.本论文提出了关于这些问题的修正方案,目的是给予商业界和学界对Incoterms 2000理解上的帮助,希望对Incoterms 2000通则日后的修订有所指导和展望.     

Problem Gambling Among Adolescent Students in the Atlantic Provinces of Canada

The objectives of the present study were to determine the prevalence of problem gambling among adolescent students in the Atlantic provinces of Canada, and to determine the role of age and deception about legal age status as potential risk factors for problem gambling. In 1998, a total of 13,549 students in grades 7, 9, 10 and 12 in the public school systems of the four Atlantic provinces completed a self-reported anonymous questionnaire that included the South Oaks Gambling Screen-Revised for Adolescents. About 8.2% and 6.4% of adolescent students met the broad definition of at-risk and problem gambling, respectively. About 3.8% and 2.2% of adolescent students met the narrow definition of at-risk and problem gambling, respectively. The prevalence of problem gambling did not vary according to age. Using a fake identification or lying about one's age was found to be an independent risk factor for problem gambling. Playing video gambling machines was the gambling activity associated with the single greatest independent risk of using a fake identification or lying about one's age. It was concluded that deception about legal age status may be a facilitating factor permitting adolescents to gamble to the point of experiencing problems.     

GPs and Problem Gambling: Can they Help with Identification and Early Intervention?

General Practitioners (GPs) are well placed to identify problem gamblers and provide early intervention. To date there is no evidence to suggest that GP’s are routinely screening patients for potential gambling problems. This paper discusses the prevalence of problem gambling, the links with other health problems and ways that GPs can assist. Results from a pilot project that provided educational resources to GPS are also discussed. Suitable screening tools are available that could easily be used by GPs to assess the possibility of gambling problems in patients who may be at increased risk but do not seek help. Early identification and intervention may help prevent a gambling habit escalating to a serious problem. More work needs to be done to increase awareness with GPs of the extent of problem gambling in our community and to alert patients to the fact that gambling can affect their health and that GPs can help.     

"李约瑟难题"的哲学反思

从三十多年来海内外学者关于"李约瑟难题"的一系列不同答案来看,其路径主要有四条,一是沿着李约瑟博士的思路走,正面解答;二是对"李约瑟难题"进行修正,然后解答;三是从中西方科学的本质不同出发解答;四是否定"李约瑟难题",宣称其为"伪问题",不论何种方式解答,都不可能找到一个简单明确的答案.但从认识论的角度看,参与大于求解,因此,"李约瑟难题"有其重要的学术价值.     

问题解决策略及其在教学中的应用

问题解决是一种复杂的、高级的学习活动."算法"和"启发"是问题解决的基本策略.算法教学应基于对教学对象心理的分析和诊断,应把教授算法处方与教授算法过程有机结合.启发教学关键在于如何引发和重组教学对象已有的经验,构建新的认知结构,从而促进问题的解决.