空间核动力源的国际法律规制

空间核动力源的使用是满足人类深远太空探索任务动力源需求的必然选择。由于其本身固有的安全风险因素以及空间活动对地球的广泛影响,如何安全使用核动力源是国际社会需要共同面对的问题。目前,直接规范空间核动力源的国际文件只有1992年通过的《关于在外层空间使用核动力源的原则》以及2009年制定的《外层空间核动力源应用安全框架》。该两文件为空间核动力源的应用提供了所应遵循的一般原则和具体的技术性规范,对于备受关注的安全问题也提供了相应的安全标准。但是,它们都属于软法,即该两文件本身并不具有法律拘束力,在适用上缺乏强制性。从空间立法的发展模式来看,短时期内在空间核动力源领域缔结专门的国际条约不太现实,通过各类软法为各国提供自愿遵循的规范指引并由各国根据实际需求逐渐将其纳入到其国内法律规则体系中,逐步实现空间核动力源国际规则的统一不失为较好的折衷办法。     

Risk‐Informed Regulation and Safety Management of Nuclear Power Plants—On the Prevention of Severe Accidents

There are four operating nuclear power plant (NPP) units in Finland. The Teollisuuden Voima (TVO) power company has two 840 MWe BWR units supplied by Asea‐Atom at the Olkiluoto site. The Fortum corporation (formerly IVO) has two 500 MWe VVER 440/213 units at the Loviisa site. In addition, a 1600 MWe European Pressurized Water Reactor supplied by AREVA NP (formerly the Framatome ANP—Siemens AG Consortium) is under construction at the Olkiluoto site. Recently, the Finnish Parliament ratified the government Decision in Principle that the utilities' applications to build two new NPP units are in line with the total good of the society. The Finnish utilities, Fenno power company, and TVO company are in progress of qualifying the type of the new nuclear builds. In Finland, risk‐informed applications are formally integrated in the regulatory process of NPPs that are already in the early design phase and these are to run through the construction and operation phases all through the entire plant service time. A plant‐specific full‐scope probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) is required for each NPP. PRAs shall cover internal events, area events (fires, floods), and external events such as harsh weather conditions and seismic events in all operating modes. Special attention is devoted to the use of various risk‐informed PRA applications in the licensing of Olkiluoto 3 NPP.     

我国CoPS市场结构与进入规制体系刍议——以核电项目投资为例

复杂产品（系统）是中国经济突破低附加值的规模扩张型模式的重要手段。它的产品特性形成了市场的进入壁垒与技术垄断。复杂产品系统属于有限竞争环境下的双头垄断市场。我国政府对CoPS进入企业限制范围过宽和规制制度过严,应推进政企分开、改革市场准入审批程序、调整市场准入标准。文章根据我国核电项目投资多元化的市场趋势,提出完善规制法律,健全市场机制,鼓励大型电力企业进入核电项目投资领域。     

Does proximity matter? Plant location,public awareness,and support for nuclear energy

Does geographic proximity to nuclear power plants influence public attitudes toward nuclear energy? Utilizing a statewide survey of North Carolina residents, this research considers whether proximity to a nuclear facility – measured by residence in a 10 or 50 mile Emergency Planning Zone – influences citizen awareness, support, and perceptions of safety concerning nuclear energy. The results suggest that while geographic proximity to generating sites does lead to increased levels of awareness, it does not appear to impact overall attitudes toward the use and perceived safety of nuclear energy.     

中国的外交机遇：朝核问题政治解决前景

朝鲜核问题越来越成为全球关注的又一重大焦点。为了确保东北亚地区今后长久的和平与稳定 ,面对这一危机 ,过去一年 ,国际社会纷纷献计献策 ,以求问题的解决能有一个圆满结局。其中 ,中国的外交活动尤为引人注目。为东北亚各国人民的长远利益考虑 ,也为自身利益计 ,中国真诚地希望在国际社会的大力配合和帮助下 ,通过自己的外交努力 ,尽最大可能和平解决朝鲜核问题 ,化解朝美核危机     

Public Attitudes Toward Siting a High-Level Nuclear Waste Repository in Nevada

This paper examines the sources of public opposition to a high-level nuclear waste repository among samples of 1001 residents of Nevada and a national sample of 1201 residents. Two models of choice are contrasted: A benefit-cost model and a risk-perception model of individual choice. The data suggest that the willingness of Nevada residents to accept a repository at Yucca Mountain depends upon subjective risk factors, especially the perceived seriousness of risk to future generations. Perceived risk depends in part on level of trust placed in the Department of Energy to manage a repository safely. Opposition to a local repository did not decrease significantly if compensation in the form of annual rebates, either ($1000, $3000, or $5000 per year for 20 years) were offered to residents. The public needs to be convinced before compensation is considered, that the repository will possess minimal risks to themselves as well as to future generations, and that the site currently targeted is suitable. One way to do this is through adoption of mitigation and control procedures such as strict federal standards and local control over the operation of the repository. The federal government should also consider returning to the fair procedure for selection between candidate sites specified in the initial Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982.     

Multiattribute Risk Analysis in Nuclear Emergency Management

Radiation protection authorities have seen a potential for applying multiattribute risk analysis in nuclear emergency management and planning to deal with conflicting objectives, different parties involved, and uncertainties. This type of approach is expected to help in the following areas: to ensure that all relevant attributes are considered in decision making; to enhance communication between the concerned parties, including the public; and to provide a method for explicitly including risk analysis in the process. A multiattribute utility theory analysis was used to select a strategy for protecting the population after a simulated nuclear accident. The value-focused approach and the use of a neutral facilitator were identified as being useful.     

伊朗对抗美国的内缘资本与外向战略

波斯文明内核,伊斯兰精神气质的伊朗,独特的政治地缘,丰富的油气等资源增强了伊朗外交的国际资本。伊拉克萨达姆政权倒台以后,如何处理伊朗问题,特别是伊朗核问题,成为对美国及欧洲盟国的重要考验。伊朗强硬派“平民总统”内贾德执掌政权,伊朗与西方国家的关系充满变数,同时伊朗积极开展东方大国外交,对地区形势乃至大国关系都将产生重大影响。     

奥巴马的中东政策初见端倪

奥巴马总统入主白宫以来,美国对外政策的第一要务是处理自身当前面临的严重金融危机问题,中东问题处于美国对外战略中相对次要的位置。根据奥巴马的外交理念,新政府将更加强调使用外交手段解决中东问题,并吸引地区和世界各国与美国开展安全合作,建立稳定的中东安全新架构。奥巴马中东政策所要应对的主要任务是：尽早解决伊拉克问题,分阶段从伊拉克撤军,卸下包袱;继续视伊朗为潜在战略威胁,但将奉行具有弹性的接触政策;启动多边外交机制来实现美国的国家安全战略目标;积极推动巴以和谈,消除中东伊斯兰世界的反美情绪;探索与哈马斯等伊斯兰组织的对话与交流渠道;积极争取中俄在中东对美国的支持,鼓励两国发挥负责任大国的作用,帮助美国减轻中东外交压力。     

日本福岛核电事故对我国核电发展影响的思考

依据对前人日本核电事故研究成果的梳理,文章从该事故的回顾及原因进行简要分析,重点对我国核电站与日本福岛核电站差异性以及从福岛核电事故中我国应该吸取怎样的教训进行分析,最后提出安全发展核电的建议与措施,为我国发展核电提供参考与借鉴。