推进地方食品监管大部制改革的组织现状及完善对策——基于贵州省的调查

食品监管大部制改革在地方推进中面临诸多困难与障碍,特别是西部欠发达地区。通过对地方食品监管大部制改革中组织现状的实地调查,从机构及职能部门设置、职责界定及划分、组织协调机制、组织保障能力等层面,对地方食品监管组织进行了纵向与横向比较,分析了目前地方食品监管组织存在的结构不合理、职责划分不清与职能分工不科学、协调机制不完善与协调方式单一、人员及经费保障能力弱等问题,最后从完善地方立法进程,推进监管机构渐进式改革与职能整合,促进监管职责科学界定及职能转变、完善组织协调机制并推动协调方式创新、加强保障能力建设等,探讨了推进地方食品监管大部制改革的组织完善对策。     

城镇化对农地利用强度的影响

以武汉城市圈为案例区,采用固定效应模型从经济城镇化、土地城镇化、社会城镇化、人口城镇化等方面定量分析了城镇化对农地利用强度的影响.结果表明:经济城镇化、土地城镇化、社会城镇化、人口城镇化对农地利用强度均具有显著的影响;人均GDP对农地利用强度的提升具有显著的促进作用,而城镇化进程中非农就业机会的增加对农地利用强度的提升具有显著的抑制作用;人均耕地面积和耕地减少量对农地利用强度均具有显著的抑制作用;人口城镇化对农地利用强度具有显著的促进作用;公路密度对农地利用强度具有显著的促进作用,农业机械总动力在当前阶段对农地利用强度有抑制作用.     

灌溉水资源效率、空间溢出与影响因素

选取2004—2013年全国和31个省市区的劳动力、资本、农用物质、灌溉水吸收量、生态包袱、污染排放量和粮食产量,分别运用MFA、SFA和DEA方法测量粮食生产灌溉水资源的资源生产率、技术效率和全要素资源效率,运用Moran’s I指数检验3种水资源效率的空间溢出效应,并采用Panel Data模型对影响3种水资源效率的因素进行实证分析。结果显示：全国粮食生产的水资源生产率稳步提高,灌溉条件改善中技术效率提高缓慢,全要素水资源效率中经济效率明显高于生态效率和环境效率;区域粮食生产的灌溉水资源效率分化明显;全局性的灌溉水资源效率空间溢出效应不明显;人均用水量与灌溉水资源效率间存在显著正向关系,农业用水比例与灌溉水资源效率间存在显著负向关系。因此,必须实行水资源效率细分与综合管理,特别是对效率落后地区实行重点整治;通过制度创新促进效率外溢,并加强效率影响因素的动态监测。     

The food insecurity―obesity paradox as a vicious cycle for women: inequalities and health

Poverty and income inequality undermine women's health in a myriad of ways. This article discusses findings from the Full Plate Project, which addressed women's experience of food security, obesity, and chronic disease in Atlantic Canada. Through first-hand accounts, it identifies a vicious cycle surrounding the food insecurity–obesity paradox. The cycle's core elements included experiences of poverty, food insecurity and nutritional deprivation, weight gain leading to obesity, stress, and experiences of chronic illness. These mainly qualitative findings provide a vivid and multi-layered analysis of the effects of inequalities on health. A majority of Full Plate participants were lone mothers and unattached women, and existing outside of a two-adult member household framework. The vicious cycles experienced are intertwined and cannot be addressed by compartmentalising elements of health or social services. Evidence indicates that policies must respond fully to the social determinants of health and multiple inequalities related to poverty, gender, age, mobility, disability, location, culture, coping skills, and other dynamics.     

Looking within the household: a study on gender,food security,and resilience in cocoa-growing communities

Many West African cocoa households experience a ‘lean season’ before the cocoa harvest, leaving them vulnerable to various events and issues which potentially cause stress – most notably food insecurity. This study, relying primarily on qualitative data from Côte d'Ivoire, examines how income allocation and intra-household dynamics affect household resilience during the lean season. Its findings indicate that in contexts in which women and men's income are separate and destined for different purposes in the household, the fact that men's income is often earmarked for individual spending creates particular problems for households in the lean season. Women's empowerment within the household is essential to improving intra-household resource allocation for resilience. In many contexts, this translates into development programmes supporting women to increase their production and ability to control income independently of men. However, a context of individual gendered agricultural production, and gendered spending obligations, such as West Africa, calls for a slightly different approach. Enhancing agricultural productivity is critical, but in addition it is important to encourage co-operation between women and men in households to result in joint decision-making in the interests of the household.     

农村贫困人口的收入和食品保障

中国农村贫困人口的食品消费水平低于全国农村人口食品消费的平均水平,缺乏充分的食品保障。农村贫困人口食品消费水平低的直接原因是收入水平低,收入来源少。居住偏远,家庭劳动力少、负担重,家庭有慢性病人,劳动力文化水平低、素质差,缺乏生产技术、就业领域狭窄等是农村贫困人口的共性特征。为了增加农民的收入,解决农村人口的贫困问题,政府必须采取积极的政策措施。     

略论原始民族在生育过程中的饮食禁忌

饮食是人类生存和繁衍的首要物质基础。饮食文化比起器物文化来,它的社会学和心理学的因 素更为显著。原始民族在生育过程中所施行的饮食禁忌,特别是父亲的饮食禁忌是原始民族利用交感巫术给 予妻子心理上的安慰和鼓励,籍巫术的感应力以求母婴的平安、种族的繁衍。     

俄罗斯饮食文化

俄罗斯人的主食(面包、牛奶)副食(肉、鱼、禽、蛋、蔬菜)及饮料(酒、茶、克瓦斯等)方面都有自己的饮食特点和就餐方式,并有着深厚的文化意蕴。     

基于“食物链”的产业技术创新战略联盟生态系统的构建

产业技术创新战略联盟是产学研、技术创新、战略联盟的综合体,对国民经济发展具有重要意义,因此,有必要探究产业技术创新战略联盟长期性、稳定性的成立条件。选取生态共生系统视角,创新性地采用自然科学研究范式对产业技术创新战略联盟问题进行研究。以食物链理论为基础,对产业技术创新联盟运行本质和联盟运行战略性和稳定性进行探索性研究,提出了产业技术创新战略联盟构建的基本思路,对其中的关键问题进行了阐释。探析联盟"食物链"模式与共生体系模式,构建了产业技术创新战略联盟的知识(技术)共生网络,提出了未来联盟运行研究的新方向。     

供应链环境下食品质量安全风险问题研究

针对近年来我国食品质量安全事件频发的严峻现实,从食品供应链的视角出发,对食品质量安全风险问题涉及到的几个关键概念进行界定与辨析。主要采用内容分析法,综合国内外文献研究及实际调研分析结果,在对食品质量与食品安全概念阐释与辨析的基础上,探讨食品质量安全的定义与内涵,提出并深入分析供应链环境下食品质量安全风险的概念、内涵及其特征。这一研究成果将有助于进一步开展食品质量安全风险管理的理论研究与实践应用。