Moral Positioning: Service User Experiences of Challenging Behaviour in Learning Disability Services

Several studies have indicated the importance of challengingbehaviour as a limiting factor on quality of life (Murphy et al., 1996;Brown and Thompson, 1997; Schwartz, 2003). This article presentsthe findings of research that aimed to investigate adults withlearning disabilities’ understanding and experiences ofwhat is perceived by staff and services to be challenging behaviour.This study was the final phase of research reported previouslyin this Journal (Hayden and Stevens, 2004). Interviews, groupdiscussions and observations were carried out with twenty-sixpeople with learning disabilities using social services’residential and day services. Participants were able to articulatecomplex responses about challenging behaviour, which is characterizedas a ‘moral web’: a complex network of antecedents,behaviours and consequences. Social care staff were seen byparticipants to play a key role: protecting people and ensuringthat appropriate (negative) consequences were suffered by instigatorsof challenging behaviour. These findings are interpreted withina positioning theory perspective, suggesting the importanceof understanding the ways that challenging behaviour is constructedthrough social interaction. Implications in the following areasare discussed: developing practice; the role of social carestaff; and the study of challenging behaviour as a social phenomenon.     

第三代领导集体对科普工作的卓越贡献

以江泽民为核心的第三代领导集体时刻关注与重视科普工作,并在理论与实践上,既继承前人,又创新发展,不仅高视角地阐述了科普工作的战略地位,深刻揭示了新形势下科普工作的现实紧迫性与艰巨性,而且创造性地丰富与发展了科普内容的内涵,并因时而变地突出重点,加大力度,使科普工作呈现出新局面,从而为新时期科普工作作出了卓越贡献,进而推进了邓小平科技思想的丰富与发展。     

An Experiment in Helping Foster-Carers Manage Challenging Behaviour

A randomized controlled trial was implemented with groups offoster-carers to test the effectiveness of cognitive–behaviouralmethods in the management of difficult behaviour. Contrary toexpectations, no statistically significant differences werefound between the groups with regard to behaviour managementskills, the frequency and/or severity of behavioural problems,and placement stability. In contrast, foster-carers expressedsatisfaction with the overall training programme and increasedconfidence in dealing with difficult behaviour. Discussion ofthe results focuses on a number of competing explanations forsuch findings and concludes with recommendations for futurework.     

论领导者的法治意识

在当前现实生活中,领导机关和领导者违反领导法律责任的现象屡见不鲜,归根结底,其法治意识淡薄是主要根源之一。依法治国,关键在于各级领导者必须依法领导,而领导者法治意识的强弱直接影响着依法领导的实施。领导者只有牢固树立并不断强化法治意识,才能保证领导权力沿法治之轨行使。     

Intergroup Behaviour and Ethnicity: A Social Psychological Perspective

Humans exist not only as unique individuals, but also as members of social groups that are formed on the basis of ethnicity, gender, age and so forth. Reflecting this duality are interpersonal and intergroup modes of behaviour, respectively. Thus, humans can act in terms of their personal self and treat others as individuals (interpersonal behaviour); they can also act in terms of group membership and relate to others as members of this or that group (intergroup behaviour). In a mixed marriage, for example, the couple's behaviour toward each other is ‘normally’ interpersonal, but can become intergroup when war breaks out between their respective ethnic groups. Contrary to common sense, factors more minimal than a war are often sufficient to trigger intergroup behaviour. Indeed, seemingly interpersonal encounters are in fact intergroup. How does behaviour shift from interpersonal to intergroup, and with what consequences? To address these questions, I outline a social psychological perspective based on social identity theory and conclude with a discussion on the enigmas of ethnicity.     

食品安全网络舆情中的网络意见领袖

网络意见领袖在食品安全网络舆情引导过程中发挥重要作用,而网民对其信任程度是影响舆情引导效果的重要因素。通过问卷调查并结合多项Logistic模型对食品安全网络舆情中网民信任网络意见领袖的影响因素进行研究。研究结果显示,不实诚的损失、平台把关或审查制度、权威性、信息互动、阅读信息、法律约束以及查看微博等因素影响网民对网络意见领袖的信任。基于研究结果,提出食品安全网络舆情监管与引导的政策建议。     

合作与破裂:山东地方官与大刀会关系研究

山东地方官对大刀会、拳会的宽容的政策与态度由来已久，早在甲午中日战争期间，官军就与大刀会形成默契，在共同缉捕盗匪方面取得显著成效，直至义和团在中外联合势力的绞杀下失败，在此期间，大刀会、拳会等名目的民间团体组织与官府的关系就处在一种半合作半破裂的游离状态，即这种宽容政策具有一定的延续性。就义和团运动而言，大刀会等民间会社势力仅仅是为义和团运动构筑的可能性力量而已，程度很高，却极不稳定，它们有待于官方的开掘、引导与锤炼及外力催逼，即官方对刀会、拳会的宽容态度与政策，以及西方列强、教会势力的威逼现实这两种因素，而前者更为重要。     

“带头学科”学说值得商榷

为了正本清源、消除误解、清除理论迷雾，本文运用文献资料分析方法，细致研究了凯德洛夫提出的“带头学科”学说的历史演变“轨迹”，得出结论认为该学说值得商榷：“带头学科”语义不清，“更替律”似是而非，“周期减半律”不合常理。因此，当今自然科学发展中有无“带头学科”？它是什么？这些都是引起争议的问题。     

For an integrative theory of social behaviour: Theorising with and beyond rational choice theory

Most sociologists are not content with merely relating macrosocial phenomena to preceding macrosocial causes in their causal explanations of social phenomena. Instead they are seeking to provide (non‐reductive) microfoundations with which they can corroborate and make understandable the connection between macrosocial phenomena. In order to do so a theory (or theories) of human action is required. One such theory, rational choice theory (RCT), has long been viewed with strong suspicion in sociology. I show such suspicion to be partially justified. RCT cannot be a general theory of social behaviour. Nonetheless, there are important insights in various versions of RCT that should not be discarded. In order to improve upon RCT and move toward a more unified or integrative theory of action social‐psychological research has to be taken note of. I demonstrate how dual‐process theories and the research on heuristics can help sociologists move beyond RCT without contradicting some of its more basic insights.     

Grandparent support and mental and behavioural health in middle childhood

This study explored the significance of grandparents in middle childhood and assessed the level of grandparental support provided to children in relation to other social network members. The association between grandparental support and grandchildren's mental and behavioural health was also examined. We conducted structured interviews with 120 grade 4 and 5 learners (mean age = 10.41 years) from four schools in Cape Town, South Africa. Results indicated that subsequent to parents, children perceived grandparents as the most important and close relationship category. Furthermore, grandparents provided the highest levels of support to grandchildren after parents. Grandmothers provided more support than grandfathers. No associations between grandparental support and children's internalizing and externalizing behaviours were found. However, results revealed that grandparental support was positively associated with children's prosocial behaviour, independent of child gender, and the amount of support provided by other relationship categories (p = .04). Findings underscore a need for research to move beyond the nuclear family when considering potential influences on children's well‐being.