从北京游民习艺所看传统慈善向近代慈善的转变

清末到民国时期,中国传统的以收养为主的慈善救助方式已不能满足社会救助的需要,在完善传统慈善救助方式的同时,政府和社会大力提倡教养结合、以教为主的现代新式救助方式,其中,纯粹以教育为目的游民习艺所更能代表传统慈善向近代慈善转变的发展趋势,受到政府的重视和社会的推崇,并取得一定成效。     

北洋政府时期京师警察厅的妇女救助——以济良所和妇女习工厂为例

京师警察厅是北洋政府时期北京城的官方治安管理机构,它除了基本的治安警务工作以外,还广泛参与慈善救助工作。中华民国成立后,北京城的慈善救助活动几乎全部由政府接管,其中,大部分的慈善救助机构由京师警察厅负责。京师警察厅作为北京城最重要的官方救助机构,对于贫民女性这一弱势群体进行了慈善救助,其辖属的济良所和妇女习工厂对收容和教养贫困妇女作了多方面的工作。     

从“官吏分途”到“群体三分”:中国地方治理的人事结构转换及其政治效应——对周雪光《从“官吏分途”到“层级分流”:帝国逻辑下的中国官僚人事制度》一文的一个补充

官吏分途作为古代中国国家治理的人事制度安排,依然具有其延续性和再生性。中国地方和基层治理中官僚群体、派生群体和雇佣群体的三分,与官吏分途有着异曲同工之妙。本文作为对周雪光《从“官吏分途”到“层级分流”:帝国逻辑下的中国官僚人事制度》一文的一个补充,提出群体三分是更接近官吏分途的延续者与变异者。层级分流与群体三分,共同构成了地方和基层治理的主干。官吏之间在数量和规模上的不对称与目前官僚群体、派生群体和雇佣群体在数量和规模上的不对称是相通的。雇佣群体是影响地方和基层治理绩效的重要因素。进入层级分流的精英群体或干部群体,除了具有经济学和社会学意义上的理性之外,还拥有政党所赋予的使命。使命政治是对晋升锦标赛政治的一个补充,它是解释中国的巨变和崛起的重要视角之一。     

Disparate Levels of Stress in Police and Correctional Officers: Preliminary Evidence from a Pilot Study on Domestic Violence

New data from a prevention curriculum project on officer-involved domestic violence reveals significant differences in the reported job stress of Florida's correctional officers when compared to police officers who took the same surveys. The significantly higher reported levels of organizational stress in particular—especially those related to staff and resource shortages and attitudes about leadership—raise concerns about the relationship between organizational stress and the reported drastic budget cuts, hiring freezes, and layoffs experienced by the Department of Corrections in 2009. The surprising disparity has significant implications for policy makers, who should be aware of the high cost of stress in officer health and well-being when making budgetary decisions about the state's rapidly increasing inmate population.     

古代中国司法官的处事风格与角色意识

在深厚的传统法律文化基础上,长期封建集权条件下的古代中国司法官,其司法审判的处事风格和角色意识呈复杂多样性有奉公守法、断狱平恕的循吏;有持法任术、心狠手辣的酷吏.他们追求与充当的社会角色,或是为民伸冤、为民做主、廉洁贤明的清官;或是循循告诫、力行德化、调停诉讼的父母官;或是被社会称为君主之鹰犬、百姓之恶魔的刽子手.     

Cardiac measures of stress in British prison officers

This paper considers the experience of stress in British prison officers and in particular the physiological effect of work activity on those individuals. It reviews the evidence provided by some international studies as well as the recent occupational mortality statistics produced by the OPCS (1986). In particular, the paper concentrates on the benefits of using ambulatory measures of heart rate as a measure of stress and illustrates this with the initial data of a study carried out at HM Prison, Gartree. Results are described in terms of mean heart rate by time and by work activity.     

甘肃省公安民警心理健康状况及影响因素分析

为了调查甘肃省公安警察的心理健康状况以及受社会支持和职业倦怠的影响作用,对全省3857民公安警察进行了 SCL‐90、职业倦怠、社会支持问卷调查。 SCL‐90结果显示：无论是和全国普通人群进行比较,还是和其他部分省份的警察相比,甘肃警察的心理健康状况更差,表现最多的症状是强迫、躯体化、抑郁。社会支持和职业倦怠与心理健康密切相关,社会支持对心理健康有积极作用,职业倦怠对心理健康有消极作用。     

Variable links within perceived police legitimacy?: Fairness and effectiveness across races and places

This work examines connections between two threads of community residents’ perceptions of local police legitimacy, effectiveness and procedural fairness, and how those links depend on race, place, and race/place combinations. Previous works have connected these two threads, but have failed (a) to explore the variability of that connection by race, place, and race/place combinations across communities spanning the urban to suburban to rural continuum or (b) to model mutual influence. An extension of the group position thesis and work on minority views of police practices suggest how these variations might be patterned. Data were derived from a 2003 probability-based sampling survey of household respondents across Pennsylvania (n = 1289). Generalized confirmatory factor analysis models built procedural fairness and effectiveness indices for four groups: whites in urban core counties, non-whites in urban core counties, whites in non-urban core counties, and non-whites in non-urban core counties. Non-recursive structural equation models revealed variable impacts of perceived police effectiveness on perceived police fairness and, to a lesser extent, of fairness on effectiveness. Implications for a more structurally and contextually aware understanding of links in police legitimacy models are developed.     

Side-by-side: An evaluation of Connecticut’s police and youth interaction model

This study evaluated a community-based intervention program designed to promote positive youth development and to create positive interactions between police and youth in a non-enforcement environment. A pre–post-design was used to compare the results of the program for participating youth and police officers, particularly changes in each group’s attitudes toward the other. The results showed that participation in the program improved police officers’ and youths’ attitudes toward each other. For youth, the rate of change in attitudes was greatest for minority youth and for youth who had prior negative experience with the police. That is, youth who had negative prior experiences with police and began with negative attitudes toward police developed more positive attitudes toward police as a result of participating in the program. Furthermore, having opportunities for positive interactions between police and youth played an important role in decreasing negative perceptions of police for ethnic minority youth. This study suggests that community-based programs that involve police with youth can improve participants’ attitude toward each other, which might impact future interactions.     

Le bon,la brute et le migrant ? Le rôle négocié des acteurs religieux dans un dispositif policier d’enfermement des étrangers en Allemagne

Contrary to the French model, the German detention and deportation centre for irregular migrants that has been studied here does not allow for any third parties other than chaplains. However, their scope of action goes far beyond spiritual assistance and extends to the defence of detained aliens’ rights and political contestation of the confinement regime. The detention centre therefore brings together two professional groups, chaplains and police officers, whose goals are a priori irreconcilable. After explaining the origins of this unique juxtaposition, I will analyse here the impact of the presence of religious actors within the state confinement regime on the construction, by each group of actors, of its professional legitimacy and on the practices of assistance and control that go along with it.