循证实践在精准扶贫工作中的应用

肇始于医学领域的循证实践方法因其科学性与有效性,经过多年发展已渗透到诸多社会科学领域。我国精准扶贫工作进入攻坚阶段后,其边际效益逐渐下降。由于循证实践方法与精准扶贫的精神相契合,故将精准扶贫引入循证实践框架进行研究。结合循证实践的一般原则与程序,对循证精准扶贫机制进行了理论设计,并对将循证实践方法在当前基层精准扶贫实践中应用时所面临的困境与挑战进行了分析。研究认为:循证实践方法有助于提升扶贫工作精准度,为保证精准减贫攻坚阶段的减贫效果提供了新的科学工具,是精准扶贫攻坚阶段扶贫手段的创新。最后提出积极构建精准扶贫数据库、制定有关精准扶贫领域的证据标准、重视贫困人口意愿与价值,构建专门扶贫人才队伍,赋予基层扶贫工作人员扶贫方法创新空间等手段推进循证实践方法在基层精准扶贫中的应用。     

接续推进乡村振兴中的社会政策发展路径与动力机制

消除农村绝对贫困问题并不意味着收入差距、社会保障差距、基本公共服务差距完全消除,如何发展和完善乡村社会政策体系既是稳固脱贫攻坚的基础问题,又是接续推进乡村振兴战略的机制问题。立足于此,从贫困治理政策间关系视角去探究农村扶贫政策与乡村社会政策的演变动态、发展动力与未来方向。以G省L县进行历史制度分析发现：（1）贫困政治化是扶贫政策吸纳乡村社会政策的前提,作为政治任务的扶贫运动可以调动经济政策、社会政策以及行政手段等各种资源,从而呈现扶贫政策与社会政策的悖论共存;（2）党建扶贫实践中的社会政策发展体现了兼顾经济发展和社会公平正义的双重推进道路,其本质是中央的贫困治理政治势能转化为乡村社会治理效能的过程;（3）该过程通过价值宣传路径、组织嵌入路径与资源输入路径体现了乡村社会政策发展的思想动力、权威动力与利益整合动力,并且为城乡基本公共服务体系建设奠定了结构性基础。创新之处可能在于抓住了巩固脱贫成果、推进乡村振兴的基础问题,从社会政策视角进行了回应。     

易地扶贫搬迁情况分析与思考

基于中西部8省(自治区)16县2 019户建档立卡搬迁户问卷调查数据,对建档立卡搬迁户的总体情况进行了分析。研究发现,建档立卡搬迁户生存环境较差,收入水平偏低,生产和生活不便且开发难度大,饮水困难、不安全现象突出。因生存性困难或发展性困难而需要搬迁的农户比例为92.67%,暂时不需要搬迁的农户比例为7.33%。建档立卡搬迁户搬迁意愿强烈但仍有疑惑,且有部分搬迁支付意愿。现有政策能够基本满足人均住房面积的要求,但对后续政策的需求强烈。建议加强易地扶贫搬迁政策的宣传工作,易地扶贫搬迁要根据轻重缓急分类施策,搬迁方式需要符合贫困家庭的生计能力,在严格控制标准的基础上,因地制宜地进行住房建设,加强搬迁后的后续扶持政策。     

农户多维贫困测度及其影响因素分析

依据多维贫困理论及中国农村贫困实际状况,利用2016年对甘肃省1 749家农户的社会调查资料,对样本农户的多维贫困现状进行了测算和分解,并对导致贫困的原因进行了Probit回归分析。结果显示：尽管样本农户存在收入层面的贫困,但交通、教育和健康方面的贫困更加严重,多维贫困发生率较高。因此,反贫困内容由物质性为主向辅以教育、医疗、交通、社会保障等转变,反贫困模式由“输血”转向“造血”式扶贫开发,是健全反贫困长效机制的关键。     

从体制区隔走向协同治理：兰考精准脱贫的实践与思考

2017年3月,经国务院扶贫开发领导小组评估及河南省政府批准,兰考县正式摘掉了贫困县的帽子,正式从脱贫攻坚阶段走向全面建成小康社会新阶段。兰考之问——“兰考是如何脱贫的”、“兰考经验是否可复制”,迫切需求答案。贫困治理属于国家治理的一个领域,其理念与手段深受国家治理理念转变的影响,同时也借鉴、改造与创新其他领域问题治理的探索实践。文章在回顾贫困治理理论与中国贫困治理实践的基础上,反思传统扶贫方式的缺陷与不足,梳理“十八大”以来的贫困治理新思路,总结提炼兰考精准脱贫样本的经验。兰考脱贫故事发生在中国整体性国家贫困治理理念与制度创新转型的时代背景下,找到了制约传统贫困治理方式存在问题的深层次因素,在政府部门关系与层级关系、多元主体协同共治方面有所突破,在贫困治理机制上有所创新,是国家治理、政府治理、社区治理等多元主体协同治理有机结合的产物。     

Making and Shaping Poor Malawians: Citizenship Below the Poverty Line

This article explores a series of events in the global discourse on development and governance: the emergence of ‘the poor’ as a class of identifiable individuals rather than an abstract category; the preference for targeted development interventions; the organisation of beneficiaries into groups which are then used as sites for application of ‘governmentality’; and the Millennium Development Goals, which have necessitated national and local poverty lines corresponding to the global poverty line. One implication is that those below the poverty line may constitute a particular type of citizens: more subject to attempts to reform their rationality and conduct, and less the autonomous individuals that are presupposed by liberal democracy.     

Poverty,social disadvantage,and the black/white placement gap

In this paper, we examine whether county-level measures of poverty and social disadvantage are correlated with county-level variation in the black/white foster care placement gap. The black/white placement gap refers to the fact that when the rate of placement into foster care for black children is compared to the rate for white children living in the same area, the black placement rate is almost always higher than the rate for whites. Although differential exposure to poverty is often used to explain why the placement gap is so large, the problem has rarely been studied. Using Poisson event count models, we find that poverty, measured at the county ecological level, is associated with a narrower gap rather than a wider gap. The counterintuitive finding is due to the fact that the relationship between poverty and placement rates depends on race.     

Is immigrant neighborhood inequality less pronounced in suburban areas?

We investigate suburbanization and neighborhood inequality among 14 immigrant groups using census tract data from the 2008–2012 American Community Survey. Immigrant neighborhood inequality is defined here as the degree to which immigrants reside in neighborhoods that are poorer than the neighborhoods in which native whites reside. Using city and suburb Gini coefficients which reflect the distributions of groups across neighborhoods with varying poverty rates, we find that the immigrant-white gap is attenuated in the suburbs. This finding applies to most of the nativity groups and remains after accounting for metropolitan context, the segregation of poverty, and group-specific segregation levels, poverty rates, and acculturation characteristics. Despite reduced neighborhood inequality in the suburbs, large group differences persist. A few immigrant groups achieve residential parity or better vis-à-vis suburban whites while others experience high levels of neighborhood inequality and receive marginal residential returns on suburban location.     

Contradictory Logics in Asset‐building Discourse: Habits,Identities and Discipline

Asset‐building as an anti‐poverty policy emphasizes helping the poor to save and accumulate wealth so as to promote future financial well‐being. This article focuses on how asset‐building discourse is practiced at the frontlines and its implications for how workers come to address issues of poverty. Drawing on qualitative data from a case study of a matched savings programme in the USA, the study finds that asset‐building discourse as enacted by workers is fundamentally contradictory: it promotes the idea that the poor can acquire financial literacy, but simultaneously works to discipline the poor to thoughtlessly save out of habit. More priority is placed on inculcating the habit of saving rather than teaching economically rational decision‐making. These findings indicate that asset‐building is consistent with a neo‐liberal outlook that focuses on disciplining the poor to be market compliant irrespective of whether their participation in market‐based activities effectively addresses the challenges of living in poverty.     

Collective Action and Property Rights for Poverty Reduction: A Review of Methods and Approaches

This article provides a review of literature on the relationship between poverty and the institutions of collective action and property rights, as outlined in the conceptual framework of Di Gregorio et al. (2008). Using the elements of the framework as a guide, it offers an overview of how researchers and practitioners identify and evaluate these concepts. The article emphasises the multidimensionality of poverty and the necessity of applying various approaches and tools to conceptualising and measuring it. In addition to highlighting the crucial role that institutions play in poverty reduction, it shows power relations and the political context to be of fundamental importance in poverty‐related studies.