Care and protection in Scottish child welfare: evidence of double jeopardy?

Since the inception of the Scottish children's hearings system, an increasing concentration of child care and protection referrals has emerged. Data on 225 children referred on care and protection grounds are examined. Children faced a double jeopardy of personal adversity against a background of social and economic disadvantage. A smaller group of children were also victims of an offence by an adult. A significant proportion of children had multiple referrals suggesting a recycling of some children. Social adversity in the backgrounds of children has been found in other child welfare studies. The significance accorded to this by social work agencies and the links between neglect and poverty may be overlooked. The importance of policy that provides comprehensive public assistance and services, as found in other European countries, is an inescapable conclusion.     

社区式学校社会工作在INGO教育扶贫中的运用与挑战

为协调学校、家庭和社区的关系，为给贫困学童寻找更多的社区资源，创造更为优良的成长和发展环境，国际民间组织（INGO）在我国开展教育扶贫活动时灵活地运用了社区式学校社会工作的理念、原则、方法和技术，在贫困学童所在的社区范围内开展学生工作，协助社区建设、改善教育环境，强化社区居民与学校的联系，促进社区和学校之间的沟通。当然，因与当地政府、居民的本土扶贫理念、工作手法不一，因社区式学校社工自身的条件需求或制约因素等，INGO也面临着诸多困难与挑战。     

U-Statistics and Their Asymptotic Results for Some Inequality and Poverty Measures

U-statistics form a general class of statistics that have certain important features in common. This class arises as a generalization of the sample mean and the sample variance, and typically members of the class are asymptotically normal with good consistency properties. The class encompasses some widely used income inequality and poverty measures, in particular the variance, the Gini index, the poverty rate, the average poverty gap ratios, the Foster-Greer-Thorbecke index, and the Sen index and its modified form. This paper illustrates how these measures come together within the class of U-statistics, and thereby why U-statistics are useful in econometrics.     

西部地区农户信息需求与信息扶贫的思考

信息在当今社会发挥着越来越重要的作用，西部地区的贫困在很大程度上表现出信息的贫困。从不同经济状况的农民对信息的敏感程度进行调查，分析了农村信息挟贫工作的主要优势和思路。信息挟贫的切入点、有效的信息扶贫模式、信息扶贫工作人员的培训及与政府部门的关系都成为信息扶贫的重要环节。     

边缘贫困群体的形成原因及扶助对策——以江苏省南京市为例

边缘贫困群体是一个新出现的困难群体.结合江苏省南京市的具体情况,分析了这一群体形成的主要原因,认为"低保"标准偏低、界定的单一化、就业不稳定以及政府缺乏专业工作人员,是这一群体形成的主要原因.探讨了针对边缘贫困群体的4点扶助对策,即推行"发展性社会政策"、实行差别救助、积极发挥社区援助功效以及强化非正式社会支持网络.     

The impact of trade liberalisation on poverty and inequality: Evidence from CGE models

In this paper we carry out a systematic review of the evidence from CGE models regarding the effect of trade liberalisation on income inequality and poverty in developing countries. The evidence suggests quite strongly that trade liberalisation tends to reduce poverty, but is more likely to increase inequality than reduce it; however, the predicted effects are relatively small. Variation in the size and direction of effects can be explained by the choice of outcome measure, the fiscal response to liberalisation, the type of CGE model, and certain country characteristics – but not the method used to link the CGE model to the distribution of income.     

生产规模不经济性条件下考虑消费者偏好的智慧供应链扶贫模型研究

落后的生产技术和管理水平均会导致企业面临生产规模不经济问题，在扶贫背景下，农户的生产同样具有生产规模不经济性。本文分别构建"农户+智慧供应链平台"、"农户+批发商+智慧供应链平台"、"农户+合作社+智慧供应链平台"三种扶贫模式，并比较不同模式下供应链的分散式决策及政府的补贴策略。研究表明：三种模式下，消费者扶贫偏好系数对贫困农户、批发商及合作社均有正向影响。随着农户贫困程度的增大，消费者需求也会增加，进而使得供应链各主体及供应链整体的利润均有所增加。"农户+智慧平台"合作模式下农户、平台及供应链整体均获得最高利润，但是其规模不经济情况无法得到改善，且现阶段在贫困地区实施该模式难度较大；"农户+批发商+智慧供应链平台"合作模式下，农户的利润高于批发商和智慧平台的利润，但是供应链整体利润有所减少，规模不经济状况也未得到改善；"农户+合作社+智慧供应链平台"模式下，合作社为农户分担一定的规模不经济成本，农户及供应链整体利润均有所增加。除此之外，政府一方面需继续加大对智慧平台建设及运行的补贴，增加目标激励，以维持供应链各主体的利益均衡。另一方面应通过激励合作社的建立帮助农户提高知识技术水平，并使其逐步实现与智慧平台的自主合作。     

维稳的逻辑解读:以权利贫困为视角的检讨与反思

当下社会发展带来的诸多不公问题在法理上可以用权利贫困来概括。权利贫困的提法虽有助于认知权利的实际运行状况,但权利贫困的客观解释论,即资源稀缺造成权利贫困,易误导维稳工作,使维稳的逻辑倾向于资源补偿型,既忽视了沟通型维稳,也使维稳陷入越维越不稳的困境。以权利贫困为视角,梳理并分析权利贫困,阐明其与维稳的内在逻辑联系,探讨社会现象背后的权利和权力的运行机制,可以为维稳和社会公平提供有效路径。     

水库溃坝洪水数值模拟与防洪管理对策研究

目前防洪措施的制定主要基于定性分析与经验判断，防洪措施集中于防洪工程设施的管理与维护、源头控制、法规制定、自然保护区措施、经济手段、洪水预警等方面，缺乏基于定量分析的防洪措施的研究。基于溃坝洪水数值模拟得到的淹没范围、水深和流速等关键信息，对深圳市公明水库的防洪工程与非工程措施进行了研究，为区域防洪决策与规划管理提供了理论依据。     

Assessing the performance of the least developed countries in terms of the Millennium Development Goals

This article presents a proposal for assessing the progress of least developed countries towards the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals over the period 2000–2015. Composite indices are built to perform spatial and temporal benchmarking relying on the P2 Distance method. The results are contrasted with other indices developed under a multi-criterion approach with a double reference point. The main findings are that all the countries have improved their situation and country disparities have been reduced. Cambodia and Ethiopia have registered the best trends and South Sudan and Timor-Leste show the worse performance. Considering the position in the 2015 ranking, Rwanda and Bhutan performed the best, while Somalia and Chad rank in the last position. Having now reached the end of the Millennium Development Goals period, the gap with respect to the world average indicates that much work remains to be done in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.